Distributions of biogeochemical parameters in the pool and interstitial waters in sand bar system of the Kizu River

Distributions of biogeochemical parameters in temporary pools (TAMARI), riparian side arm of river (WANDO) and interstitial waters were investigated in the sand bars along the lower reaches of the Kizu River. Dissloved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (DIP) concentrations in TAMARI and WANDO waters varied greatly compared with those in river waters. Low concentrations of DIN and DIP were often observed simultaneously in TAMARI waters. The DIN concentrations of most intersitial waters were similar or high in comparison to those of river waters. Low concentrations of DIN and DIP were often observed separately in intersitial waters. Concentrations of biogeochemical constituents clearly varied greatly in the waters of sand bar systems, and the relationships between each biogeochemical constituents were different between surface water (TAMARI and WANDO) and subsurface (intersitial) waters of the Kizu River.Article信州大学山地水環境教育研究センター研究報告 2: 63-67(2004)departmental bulletin pape

Shrinking pupal cocoons of Rhyacophila lezeyi (Trichoptera, Rhyacophilidae) in a highly acidic stream during the summer season

Shrinking pupal cocoons of Rhyacophila lezeyi were often found during summer in Shibukuro Stream, a highly acidic mountain stream in northern Japan (pH = 2.82 on average). We performed both field surveys and laboratory rearing experiments to clarify the mechanisms of R. lezeyi cocoon shrinkage. The R. lezeyi cocoon shrinkage proportion increased in years with high stream water temperatures and was related to water temperatures before and after pupation at the study site. Approximately 90% of the prepupae and pupae inside the shrinking cocoons died during the rearing experiment, implying that cocoon shrinkage caused by high water temperature strongly influenced R. lezeyi pupal survival. Laboratory experiments showed that R. lezeyi’s pupal cocoon membranes were semi-permeable and that the cocoon fluids were always hyperosmotic, indicating that water molecules can continuously enter the cocoon fluids from the stream water until the turgor of the cocoon wall is reached. However, the shrinking cocoons showed lower fluid volume and higher osmolarity than the normal turgescent cocoons. The reduction of osmotic gradient across the membrane during decreased stream flow due to less precipitation and/or the damage to the cocoon membrane and pupal body from high and fluctuating water temperatures and low pH are possible mechanisms for R. lezeyi pupal cocoon shrinkage

CNS targets of adipokines

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Physiological Society via the DOI in this record.Our understanding of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ has been transformed over the last twenty years. During this time a number of adipocyte-derived factors or adipokines have been identified. This paper will review evidence for how adipokines acting via the central nervous system (CNS) regulate normal physiology and disease pathology. The reported CNS-mediated effects of adipokines are varied and include the regulation of energy homeostasis, autonomic nervous system activity, the reproductive axis, neurodevelopment, cardiovascular function, and cognition. Due to the wealth of information available and the diversity of their known functions, the archetypal adipokines leptin and adiponectin will be the focused on extensively. Other adipokines with established CNS actions will also be discussed. Due to the difficulties associated with studying CNS function on a molecular level in humans, the majority of our knowledge, and as such the studies described in this paper, comes from work in experimental animal models; however, where possible the relevant data from human studies are also highlighted

Goera lepidoptera Schmid 1965

Goera lepidoptera Schmid 1965 Fig. 8 Goera lepidoptera Schmid 1965, 35, male. Adult. General description as for G. k y o t o n i s. Male genitalia. Median dorsal process slender, club-like in dorsal aspect. Paired ventrolateral processes asymmetrical, with acute apices, curved inward in dorsal aspect; right process slightly shorter than left, mostly unpigmented except for apex. Inferior appendage similar to that of G. kyotonis, but processes of distal segment slightly slender than those of latter. Phallus similar to that of G. k y o t o n i s, but distal end of ejaculatory duct open at apical 2 / 5. Female genitalia. Spermathecal plate slender, approximately 3 / 4 length as gonopod plate, with rounded plate anteriorly; pair of strongly screlotized area present at 2 / 3 anterolateral side with small swelling. Larva. Indistinguishable from G. kyotonis. Specimens examined. Miyagi: 2 males, 1 female, Yoko-kawa, 500 m a.s.l., Shichigashuku-machi, 5.vii. 1998, T. Hattori (BJA); Yamagata: 1 male, 1 female, Oisawa, Nishikawa-machi, larvae collected on 23.v. 1998, emerged in VI. 1998, reared by T. Nozaki (TN); Kanagawa: 1 male, Sakai-gawa, Komatsu, Shiroyama-machi, pupa collected on 30.v. 1983, emerged 1.vi. 1983, reared by T. Nozaki (TN); 1 male, 3 females, Nizifuki, Kamimizo, Sagamihara-shi, H. Moriya (TN); 1 male, Kuzu-kawa, Kisawa, Hiratsuka-shi, larva collected on 24.iv. 1984, emerged on 14.v. 1984. Distribution. Japan (central to northeastern Honshu) Japanese name. Izumi-ningyo-tobikera. Remarks. This species is very similar to G. k y o t o n i s, but differs from the latter in median dorsal and ventrolateral processes of male and in spermathecal plate of female. The female of this species was described here for the first time.Published as part of Nozaki, Takao & Tanida, Kazumi, 2006, The genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) in Japan, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1339 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17435

Goera dilatata Nozaki and Tanida, sp. nov.

Goera dilatata Nozaki and Tanida sp. nov. Fig. 15 Diagnosis. This species is closely related to G. s p i c a t a, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by broadened, paired ventrolateral processes of tergum X in male, and shorter spermathecal plate in female. Adult. General morphology and coloration are very similar to those of G. s p i c a t a, and distinguished only by genitalic characters. Forewing 5.5– 7 mm long in both sexes. Male genitalia. Segment IX similar to that of G. s p i c a t a but dorsal part shorter and anterior margin gently concaved in lateral aspect. Dorsal process of tergum X slender club-like. Paired ventrolateral processes strongly screlotized, about 1.3 times as long as dorsal process, middle to apical 1 / 4 part broadened, with acute apices directed ventromesally, usually with 2 setae near apices laterally. Preanal appendages club-like. Inferior appendages similar to those of G. s p i c a t a, but mesal process of distal segment more slender and twisted. Phallus similar to that of G. s p i c a t a. Female genitalia. Terga IX and X similar to those of G. s p i c a t a. Lamellae large, triangular in lateral aspect, with angular ventroposterior corner in lateral and ventral aspects. Spermathecal plate similar to that of G. s p i c a t a, but about 2 / 3 length of gonopod plate and without lobes anteriorly. Larva. Unknown. Holotype male: JAPAN: Akita: Umaarai-shimizu, Yashikida, Yarida, Misato-cho, 39 º 25 ’ 59 ’’N, 140 º 32 ’ 34 ”E, 9.vi. 1998, H. Nishimoto (in alcohol, CBM-ZI 130499). Paratypes. 5 males, 2 females, same data as the holotype (1 male, 1 female: CBM-ZI 130500; 2 males, 1 female: USNM; 2 males: TN). Other specimens examined. Hokkaido: 2 males, 10 females, Oshironai-gawa, Shirakawa, Mori-machi, 8.vi– 25.vii. 1994, M. Nakajima (TN); 1 male, 9 females, ibid., 13.vi.– 3.viii. 1995, M. Nakajima (TN); Iwate: 1 male, Okawa, Komagasawa, Iwaizumicho, 12.vii. 1997, N. Kuhara (NK); 1 male, Kanazawa-shimizu, Matsuo, Hachimantai-shi, 10.vi. 1998, H. Nishimoto (TN); Miyagi: 4 males, 3 females, Yokokawa, 500 m a. s. l., Shichigashuku-machi, 5.vii. 1998, T. Hattori (2 males, 2 females: BJA; 2 males, 1 female: TN); Akita: 2 males, Kaminoguchi, Shimizu, Daisen-shi, 30.vi. 1993, K. Aoya (NK); Niigata: 4 females, Kaminoguchi, Arakawa-machi, 3.vi. 1984, S. Togashi (TN); 1 male, 1 female, ibid., 5.vi. 1984, S. Togashi (TN). Etymology. The specific name refers to broadened, ventrolateral processes of tergum X in male genitalia. Distribution. Japan (southern Hokkaido, central to northeastern Honshu) Japanese name. Futoo-hime-ningyo-tobikera.Published as part of Nozaki, Takao & Tanida, Kazumi, 2006, The genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) in Japan, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1339 on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17435

Goera ogasawaraensis Kuranishi 2005

Goera ogasawaraensis Kuranishi 2005 Fig. 2 Goera ogasawaraensis: Satake et al. 2005, 378– 379, male, female. Goera sp.: Tomokuni and Sato 1978, 117– 118, larva, case. Adult. Small yellowish brown species. General morphology is very similar to G. japonica, but length of forewing is 5.5–6.5 mm. Distal segment of male maxillary palpi oval, membranous and elastic, extended apical lobe short. Male abdominal sternite VI with 8–10 long spines in comb-like arrangement. Female abdominal sternite VI and male abdominal sternite V without tiny spine. Male genitalia. Similar to G. japonica except for the following characters. Ventromesal lobe of segment IX not so slender as in G. japonica, about 3 times as long as wide in ventral aspect. Ventrolateral processes of tergum X undivided, apices slightly curved laterally in dorsal aspect. Phallus scoop-like. Female genitalia. Similar to G. japonica, but tergum X blunt at apex and directed posteroventrally. Spermathecal sclerite not so slender as in G. japonica. Larva. Tomokuni and Sato (1978) described the larval stage for the first time. Specimens examined. Ogasawara: Holotype and paratypes, 4 males and 2 females, Upper stream of Shigure Barrage, Chichi-jima, Bonin Island, 19.vi. 1991, S. Miyano (CBM). Distribution. Japan (Ogasawara). Japanese name. Ogasawara-ningyo-tobikera.Published as part of Nozaki, Takao & Tanida, Kazumi, 2006, The genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) in Japan, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1339 on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17435

Goera nigrosoma Nozaki and Tanida, sp. nov.

Goera nigrosoma Nozaki and Tanida sp. nov. Fig. 12 Goera sp. GB: Tsuda and Akagi 1962, 140, larva; Tanida 1985, 198, larva. Diagnosis. This species is related to G. tungusensis, but easily distinguishable by mesal processes of distal segment of inferior appendage in male; the process triangular in lateral aspect in this species, but very slender in G. tungusensis. In female, spermathecal plate rather broad and about 2 / 3 length of gonopod plate in this species, but slender and slightly longer than gonopod palate in G. tungusensis. Adult. Body, wings, antennae mostly dark brown to black. Head short; ocelli absent; anterior setal warts round; posterior setal warts large, round. Antennae 7–8 mm long; scape ca. 1 mm long, with long setae. In male, maxillary palpi, distal segment long oval, membranous and elastic, with long setae on outer surface and relatively long scales on mesal surface. Male abdominal sternite VI with 2 finger-like spines, usually bearing a few shorter spines at each side. Female abdominal sternite VI with a few tiny spines. Forewings 7–9 mm long in male, 8–10 mm long in female. Male genitalia. Segment IX relatively short, oblique in lateral aspect, produced posteriorly, long triangular in ventral aspect. Dorsal process of tergum X club-like, sometimes concave at apex in dorsal aspect; having pair of unpigmented lower processes, slender, approximately same length as dorsal process, with a few setae at apices. Paired ventrolateral processes strongly sclerotized; slender, tapering to acute apices, slightly curved ventromesad (Fig. 12 b 1); or distal 2 / 5 broad with acute apices in lateral aspect, strongly curved ventromesad (Fig. 12 b 2). Preanal appendage club-like. Basal segment of inferior appendage short; distal segment with 2 processes, dorsal process triangular in lateral aspect, acute apex directed ventrad; mesal process finger-like, curved laterad, basal part usually with 1–3 short acute process or angulated in lateral aspect. Phallus arcuate in lateral aspect, flanged dorsolaterally in basal half and ventrolaterally at middle part, phallic apodeme triangular in lateral aspect. Female genitalia. Tergum IX distinct, semi-circular in dorsal aspect. Tergum X long oval in lateral aspect, sometimes apices with angular ventral margin. Lamellae oval, with dark pigmented plate dorsolaterally. Gonopod plate rounded, protruded apicomesally, lateral boundary distinct, bearing screlotized plate anterolaterally. Spermathecal plate 2 / 3 length of gonopod plate; anterior part wide rectangular or wide heart-shaped. Larva. Goera sp. GB described by Tsuda and Akagi (1962) is the larval stage of this new species. The adult and larval association of this species was established by Kagaya et al. (1998). Holotype male: JAPAN: Osaka: Chihaya-gawa, Chihayaakasaka-mura, 34 ° 24 ’N, 135 ° 40 ’E, larva collected on 19.xii. 1996, adult emerged on 10.iv. 1997, reared by M. Aoyagi (pinned, CBM-ZI 130495). Paratypes. 1 female, same data as the holotype excepting emergence on 17.iv. 1997 (CBM-ZI 130496); 4 males, 1 female, Yanogawa Rindo, Kumano-shi, Mie, 4.v. 1989, H. Morita (1 male, 1 female: USNM; 3 males: TN). Other specimens examined. Kanagawa: 1 male, Kadotoguchi, Terayama, Hadano-shi, 28.iv. 1983, T. Nozaki (TN); 1 male, Sawai-gawa, Wada, Fujino-machi, 30.iv. 1989, T. Tashiro and T. Nozaki (TN); 1 male, Shiraishi-zawa, Yamakita-machi, 6.vii. 1984; Ya m a n a s h i: 1 male and 1 female, Nagamata, Doshi-mura, Yamanashi, 15.v. 1992, H. Moriya (TN); 2 pupae, Shiraito-no- sawa, 830 m a.s.l., Kosuge-gawa, Kosuge-mura; Nagano: 5 males, 1 female, a small stream, Okubo, Hase, Ina-shi, 2.vi. 1993, N. Kuhara (NK); 5 females, Shiozawa, Sugishima, Hase, Ina-shi, 2.vi. 1993, N. Kuhara (NK); Gifu: 1 male, 2 females, Hatsushika-dani, ca. 300m a.s.l., Neo-shimoosu, Motosu-shi, 4.v. 1996, T. Hattori (TN); Shizuoka: 2 males, 1 females, Abe-toge, ca. 1400m a.s.l., Umegashima, Shizuoka-shi, 6.vi. 1999, T. Hattori (BJA); 2 males, Nakazato, Fujieda-shi, 22.iv. 2004, T. Torii and A. Yoshinari (TN); Kyoto: 1 male, Azo-dani, Kibune, Kyoto-shi, pupae collected on 15.iv. 1984, adults emerged on 30.iv. 1984 by K. Tanida (KT); Wakayama: 1 male, 1 female, Hirai, Kozagawa-cho, 3–4.v. 1993, T. Ito (NK); Okayama: 1 male pupa, Hiruzen-kogen, Maniwa-shi, 25.iv. 1989, N. Kobayashi (TN); Kagawa: 27 males, 6 females, Kojikawa, Shionoe-cho, Takamatsu-shi, 2.vi. 2000, E. Yamamoto (TN); Ehime: 9 males, 10 females, Hondani, Odami-yama, Uchiko-cho, Ehime, 1005 m a.s.l., 10–21.v. 2001, E. Yamamoto (TN); 1 female, a small stream, Sekimon, Wakayama, Kumakogen-cho, 23–25.v. 1999, A. Ohkawa and T. Ito (TN); 1 female, Namakusa-dani, Odami-yama, Uchiko-cho, 29.v. 1999, E. Yamamoto (TN); 1 female with larval and pupal exuviae, ibid., pupa collected on 21.iv. 2004, emerged on 20.v. 2004, by T. Ito and A Ohkawa (TN); 2 males, 15 females, Koya-yama, Uchiko-cho, 29.v. 2000, E. Yamamoto and M. Doi (TN); Kochi: 1 male, 1 female, Tengu-ike, Tsuno-cho, 8.v. 2004, M. Takai (TN); 1 female, a headwater of Shimanto-gawa, Tsuno-cho, 8.v. 2004, M. Takai (TN); 1 male, Befu-kyo, Kami-shi, 5.v. 2002, M. Takai (TN). Etymology. The specific name refers to the black wings and body of adults. Distribution. Japan (central to western Honshu, Shikoku). Japanese name. Kuro-ningyo-tobikera. Remarks. Ventrolateral processes of males and spermathecal plates of females of specimens collected from Shikoku (Figs. 12 b 2, 12 i 2) are slightly different from those from Honshu (12 b 1, 12 i 1). We tentatively treat them as variations in the same species, but examination of additional specimens, especially collected from western Honshu and Kyushu, may be needed.Published as part of Nozaki, Takao & Tanida, Kazumi, 2006, The genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) in Japan, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1339 on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17435

Goera kyotonis Tsuda 1942

Goera kyotonis Tsuda 1942 Fig. 7 Goera kyotonis Tsuda 1942, 324– 325, male; Tsuda and Akagi 1955, 236– 237, larva, case; Tsuda and Akagi 1962, 140, larva, case. Adult. Body, wings, antennae yellowish brown. Head short, ocelli absent, anterior setal warts round in female, absent in male; posterior setal warts large and round. Antennae 6–8 mm long; basal segment ca. 1.2 mm long, with long setae. In male maxillary palpi, distal segment banana-shaped in lateral aspect, membranous and elastic, bearing long pale setae on outer surface and pale scales on mesal surface; second segment membranous, oval, with long dark setae densely. Male abdominal sternite VI with 7–12 long spines, number and shape variable but usually central one longest. Female abdominal sternite VI bearing minute spines. Fore wing 6.5–8.5 mm long; in male, wheatear-like setae arise basocaudally. Male genitalia. Segment IX long, oblique in lateral aspect; sternite IX slightly produced posteriorly, triangular in ventral aspect. Dorsal process of tergum X club-like in dorsal aspect. Paired ventrolateral processes asymmetrical, left one ca. 3 / 4 length as right one; both strongly sclerotized, apices usually acute, curved ventromesad. Preanal appendage very long, about as long as right ventrolateral process. Basal segment of inferior appendage large, oval, oblique. Distal segment of inferior appendage with 2 processes: dorsolateral process tapering to rounded apex in lateral aspect, rectangular in dorsal aspect, with concave mesal face; mesal process strongly screlotized, acute apex directed dorsad. Phallus simple, slightly arcuate in lateral aspect, distal end of ejaculatory duct open at apical fourth. Female genitalia. Tergum X finger-like in lateral aspect; each apex triangular in dorsal aspect. Supragenital plate long. In lateral aspect, posterior margin of lamellae rounded dorsally, square ventrally. In ventral aspect, gonopod plate rounded, as long as wide, many setae on each side; apicomesal process triangular with a minute notch at apex. Spermathecal plate approximately half length of gonopod plate with pair of strongly sclerotized processes anterolaterally. Larva. The larval stage of this species was described by Tsuda and Akagi (1955) for the first time. Specimens examined. Osaka: 2 males, 1 female, Higashimakio-gawa, Izumi-shi, pupae collected on 1.vi. 1994, adults emerged on 13–23.vi. 1994 by M. Aoyagi (MA); 4 males, Chihaya-gawa, Chihayaakasaka-mura, larvae collected 19.xii. 1996, adults emerged 14–17.v. 1997 by M. Aoyagi (MA); 1 male, Ochiai-dani, Mino-shi, M. Aoyagi (MA); 12 males, 3 female, ibid., pupae collected 7.vi. 1997, emerged on 7–19.vi. 1997 by M. Aoyagi (MA and TN); Hyogo: 1 male, Iwazono, Asiya-shi, 14.vii. 1995, H. Nishimoto (TN); Wakayama: 1 male, Kouyaguchi-cho, Hashimoto-shi, 11.vii. 2002, S. Tsukaguchi (TN); 1 male, Botanical Garden of Kyoto Univ., 7.v. 1989, M. Uenishi (TN); Tottori: 1 male, a spring at Hongu, Yodoe-cho, Yonago-shi, 1.v. 1992, T. Shimizu (NK); Fukuoka: 1 male, Mt. Hiko, 650 m a.s.l., Soeda-cho, 10.ix. 1996, T. Nozaki (TN). Distribution. Japan (Central to western Honshu, Kyushu). Japanese name. Kyoto-ningyo-tobikera.Published as part of Nozaki, Takao & Tanida, Kazumi, 2006, The genus Goera Stephens (Trichoptera: Goeridae) in Japan, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1339 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17435