A Model for Thermal Growth of Ultrathin Silicon Dioxide in O2 Ambient: A Rate Equation Approach

A new thermal oxidation model based on a rate equation approach with concentration dependent diffusion coefficient is proposed for ultrathin SiO2 for thicknesses of the order of 100 Å. The oxidation reaction of silicon is assumed to be dependent on the concentrations of unreacted silicon and oxygen. The results of oxide thickness versus oxidation time for various growth conditions and activation energies for diffusion coefficients are in agreement with various experimental data for O2 ambient

DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC LAUNCHER

Compressed air is used to propel a grenade from a closed cavity. Pressure change in a closed environment will result in propelling of object from the closed chamber. The pneumatic source can be stored in a chamber for portability and even a live source can be directly connected to the gun. The grenade will accelerate with the compressed air, when the air is trying to escape in to the low-pressure atmosphere air. The acceleration of the grenade depends upon the pressure of the air and higher pressure will generate more acceleration. Inside the closed chamber if the air is supplied through a small opening and if the attachment is being attached to the opening then the pressure created will be less and the grenade will start rotating inside the chamber. To overcome this, that attachment should not be attached with the opening it should be placed over a very small distance from the gun, so that a vacuum will be produced from the atmosphere and the grenade could be launched at a high pressure

ROOTING SUPPOSITION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

An easy method would-be to assign everyone routing path in each one wrapper. The delivery of the manner is quintessence that it’s sense aloft conceivably hefty for cartons with drawn-out routing expressway. Using the routing road separately carton, many measure and symptomatic programs can attend active executive and pact inflation for deployed WSNs self-assured of heaps undervalued sensor nodes. Path puss a different thing of a light-weight hash situation for facts from the deduced expressway. To incur then build up the interpretation facility again the realization readiness, path puss a fast bootstrapping form to overhaul the initially gather of artery. To make the repetitious boosting forceful and valuable, two problems have been addressed. The hash operation requires be featherweight and valuable abundant ago it must be administering on resource-restricted sensor nodes. Using the routing road individually carton, many dimension and indicative procedures can oversee forceful oversight and contract inflation for deployed WSNs self-assured of great ignored sensor nodes. We enforce path and calculate its drama practicing traces from huge-scale WSN deployments too considerable simulations. Results expose that path achieves much outstanding facelift ratios lower different structure settings when reach more condition-of-the-art programs. When equal Path Zip, path exploits high path analogy betwixt legion containers for fast supposition, encompass far beat scalability

ANTIUROLITHIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROOTS OF CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA IN ALBINO RATS

                                                        ABSTRACT Objective:      To evaluate the antiurolithic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Cissampelos pareira (AQERCP) in 2% Ammonium chloride (AC) and 0.75% Ethylene glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis in albino rats. Methods :  Urolithiasis was induced in rats by supplying drinking water mixed with 2 % (AC) and 0.75 % (EG) for 10 days. Calculi were confirmed by the high urinary levels of calcium, uric acid and low levels of magnesium and high levels of serum creatinine and calcium. The animals were treated with 03 doses of AQERCP i.e., 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg respectively orally in different groups of rats once daily for 10 days along with 2 % (AC) and 0.75% (EG) mixed drinking water. On 11th day 3 rats from each group were kept in one metabolic cage and urine (pooled) collected for 24 h was subjected for estimation of various biochemical parameters. Blood was collected on the same day and analysed for various parameters. Kidneys were observed for the histopathological changes.Results: Rats treated with 03 doses of AQERCP significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced urinary calcium, uric acid and increased urinary magnesium levels, reduced serum calcium, creatinine and increased serum magnesium. Histopathology of kidneys in groups treated with AQERCP at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses revealed less tissue damage and the cytology of nephrotic tissue was almost similar to the control Group I rats.Conclusion :              Results showed AQERCP has shown significant antiurolithic effect against chemical induced urolithiasis in rats.Keywords :  C.pareira,  Roots extracts, Antiurolithic activity, Ammonium chloride, Ethylene glycol .                                                     Â

Diuretic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Cissampelos pareira in albino rats

Background: Diuretic compounds that stimulate the excretion of water with small traceable ions are potentially useful in most of disorders including those exhibiting edema such as congestive heart failure, nephritis, toxemia of pregnancy, premenstrual tension, and hypertension. The aim was to evaluate the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Cissampelos pareira (AQERCP) by Lipschitz method in albino rats.Methods: Five groups of Albino rats were used to evaluate the diuretic activity of AQERCP by using metabolic cages. The Group I serves as normal control received vehicle (carboxymethyl cellulose 2% in normal saline), the Group II furosemide (10 mg/Kg, p.o) in vehicle; other Groups III, IV, and V were treated with low (100 mg/kg), medium (200 mg/kg), and high (400 mg/kg) doses of AQERCP in vehicle. Immediately, after the extract treatment all the rats were hydrated with saline (15 ml/kg, p.o) and placed in the metabolic cages (3/cage), specially designed to separate urine and faeces, kept at 21°C±0.5°C.The total volume of urine collected was measured at the end of 5th hr. During this period, no food and water was made available to animals. Various parameters such as total urine volume and concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride ions in the urine were measured and estimated respectively.Results: In this model, when compared to vehicle treated control group the AQERCP at different dose levels (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) has significantly increased the urine volume and also enhanced the elimination of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in urine.Conclusion: The results showed that single dose administration of AQERCP as 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg and standard frusemide (10 mg/kg b.wt) has significantly (p<0.05*, p<0.01**, p<0.001***) increased the urine output along with an increase in concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride. AQERCP 400 mg/Kg produced a greater diuretic activity, which is comparable to the effect of standard furosemide (10 mg/kg).The present study has supported and justified the basis for folklore use of roots of C. pareira as a diuretic agent

Growth Response of Ayapana on inoculation with Bacillus megaterium isolated from different soil types of various agroclimatic zones of Karnataka

A study was undertaken to find out the growth response of Ayapana on inoculation with Bacillus megaterium isolated from different soil types of various agroclimatic zones of Karnataka. Bacillus megaterium strains from different soil types of various agroclimatic zones of Karnataka were isolated, identified and confirmed using standard synaptic keys. Ayapana was used as a host plant to study the growth response, biomass and nutrient content. Treatments of Bacillus megaterium isolates from ten different soil types of various agroclimatic zones of Karnataka were given to seedlings of Ayapana. There were significant changes in the plant growth, biomass and nutrient uptake in plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium when compared to control plants. The parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight and nutrient uptake were studied. Plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium isolates performed well when compared to uninoculated plants. The heights of plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium isolates were found to be more than uninoculated plants. In plants inoculated with B. megaterium isolates, the height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, nitrogen content, P content and chlorophyll content remained higher than the uninoculated plants. Among ten isolates inoculated, Zone 7 isolate recorded significantly high values in almost all growth parameters chosen for the study. The results suggests that plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium isolates showed better growth response, biomass yield and nutrient content when compared to uninoculated plants.&Acirc;&nbsp

Effect of inoculation of Bacillus megaterium isolates on growth, biomass and nutrient content of Peppermint

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of Bacillus megaterium isolates on growth, biomass and nutrient content of Pepper mint. Pepper mint was used as a host plant to study the growth response, biomass and nutrient content. Bacillus megaterium strains from different soil types of various agroclimatic zones were isolated, identified and confirmed using standard synaptic keys. A pot culture experiment was carried out to find out the influence of Bacillus megaterium isolates on seedlings of Pepper mint under greenhouse conditions. Pepper mint plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium isolates manifested increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, biomass and nutrient content compared to uninoculated plants. Among the ten isolates inoculated, the Bacillus megaterium isolates from zone 3 showed significantly high values in almost all growth parameters chosen for the study. Similarly biochemical parameters of the Pepper mint inoculated with ten isolates of Bacillus megaterium was studied. In the inoculated plants the biochemical parameters like chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and phosphorus content was higher as compared to uninoculated plants. The results suggests that plants inoculated with Bacillus megaterium isolates showed better growth response, biomass yield and nutrient content when compared to uninoculated plants. Also the studies showed that Zone 3 isolate was more effective among other isolates

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic