Exame de papanicolau: conhecimento de usuárias de uma unidade básica de saúde

Objective: to identify the knowledge of women attending to a Primary Care Unit, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, on the preventive cervical screening (Papanicolau). Method: this is a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach, conducted with 122 women aged 25 to 64 years. We used a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Data collection was conducted from April to December 2011. Data analysis was performed through thematic analysis, yielding two categories. Results: the women interviewed showed knowledge of examination, motivation to take this test and get their results spontaneously. Some difficulties were highlighted as the service opening hours and scheduling system. Conclusion: health professionals should clarify about pap smears, and the nursing role as motivator through health education for the examObjetivo: identificar el conocimiento de mujeres que frecuentan a una Unidad Básica de Salud, ubicada en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, en el examen preventivo de cuello uterino (Papanicolaou). Método: estudio descriptivo exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 122 mujeres de 25 a 64 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario con la elección abierta y cerrada. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo entre abril y diciembre de 2011. Se realizó un análisis temático de los datos, lo que resultó en dos categorías. Resultados: las mujeres entrevistadas mostraron conocimiento del examen, la motivación para llevarlo a cabo y obtener el resultado de forma espontánea. Se destaca algunas dificultades como el horario de atendimiento del servicio y el sistema de programación. Conclusión: profesionales de la salud deben aclarar acerca de las pruebas de Papanicolaou, y la función de la enfermería como motivador, mediante la educación sanitaria para el examen.Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento de mulheres que frequentam uma Unidade Básica de Saúde localizada em município do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, acerca do exame preventivo de colo de útero (Papanicolau). Método: estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 122 mulheres na faixa etária de 25 a 64 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de abril a dezembro de 2011. Foi realizada a análise temática dos dados, da qual originou duas categorias. Resultados: as mulheres entrevistadas mostraram conhecimento acerca do exame, motivação para realizá-lo e para buscar espontaneamente seu resultado. Destacaram-se algumas dificuldades como os horários de atendimento do serviço e o sistema de fichas. Conclusões: os profissionais de saúde devem esclarecer a respeito do exame Papanicolau, tendo a/o enfermeira/o papel fundamental como agente motivador, por meio da educação em saúde, para a realização do exame

Markovian Dynamics on Complex Reaction Networks

Complex networks, comprised of individual elements that interact with each other through reaction channels, are ubiquitous across many scientific and engineering disciplines. Examples include biochemical, pharmacokinetic, epidemiological, ecological, social, neural, and multi-agent networks. A common approach to modeling such networks is by a master equation that governs the dynamic evolution of the joint probability mass function of the underling population process and naturally leads to Markovian dynamics for such process. Due however to the nonlinear nature of most reactions, the computation and analysis of the resulting stochastic population dynamics is a difficult task. This review article provides a coherent and comprehensive coverage of recently developed approaches and methods to tackle this problem. After reviewing a general framework for modeling Markovian reaction networks and giving specific examples, the authors present numerical and computational techniques capable of evaluating or approximating the solution of the master equation, discuss a recently developed approach for studying the stationary behavior of Markovian reaction networks using a potential energy landscape perspective, and provide an introduction to the emerging theory of thermodynamic analysis of such networks. Three representative problems of opinion formation, transcription regulation, and neural network dynamics are used as illustrative examples.Comment: 52 pages, 11 figures, for freely available MATLAB software, see http://www.cis.jhu.edu/~goutsias/CSS%20lab/software.htm

Author Correction: The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6

The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2,3,4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans—including 278 individuals from England—alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6

Materiality, Morality and Masculinities in the Social Transformations of War in Angola

In this article we use men’s changing investments in desired material objects as a window into the changing moralities underpinning masculinities in the wake of Angola’s civil war. Drawing on participant observation and life history interviews with middle-aged men working in informal commerce in the city of Huambo, we examine the roles of land, houses, and cars in the construction of different styles of masculinity. We argue that analyzing differences among men’s investments in these objects provides useful insights into how men construct multireferential masculinities in a contested postcolonial, postwar context in which questions of gendered cultural hegemony are contentious and complex. These masculinities map onto competing, yet overlapping, sets of moral values that rework preexisting gendered cultural forms and practices to cope with the social and economic consequences of the war and to express aspirations for disparate modernities

Evaluating the effect of prebiotics on the gut microbiome profile and β cell function in youth with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial

Introduction: Data show that disturbances in the gut microbiota play a role in glucose homeostasis, type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk and progression. The prebiotic high amylose maize starch (HAMS) alters the gut microbiome profile and metabolites favorably with an increase in bacteria producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that have significant anti-inflammatory effects. HAMS also improves glycemia, insulin sensitivity, and secretion in healthy non-diabetic adults. Additionally, a recent study testing an acetylated and butyrylated form of HAMS (HAMS-AB) that further increases SCFA production prevented T1D in a rodent model without adverse safety effects. The overall objective of this human study will be to assess how daily HAMS-AB consumption impacts the gut microbiome profile, SCFA production, β cell heath, function, and glycemia as well as immune responses in newly diagnosed T1D youth. Methods and analysis: We hypothesize that HAMS-AB intake will improve the gut microbiome profile, increase SCFA production, improve β cell health, function and glycemia as well as modulate the immune system. We describe here a pilot, randomized crossover trial of HAMS-AB in 12 newly diagnosed T1D youth, ages 11-17 years old, with residual β cell function. In Aim 1, we will determine the effect of HAMS-AB on the gut microbiome profile and SCFA production; in Aim 2, we will determine the effect of HAMS-AB on β cell health, function and glycemia; and in Aim 3, we will determine the peripheral blood effect of HAMS-AB on frequency, phenotype and function of specific T cell markers. Results will be used to determine the effect-size estimate of using HAMS-AB. We anticipate beneficial effects from a simple, inexpensive, and safe dietary approach. Ethics and dissemination: The Institutional Review Board at Indiana University approved the study protocol. The findings of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed pediatric journal. Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences