Plan de mejora en el proceso de tratamiento de efluentes de la empresa curtido de pieles Incapieles EIRL Arequipa 2019

El siguiente trabajo de investigación tiene como título: “plan de mejora en el proceso de tratamiento de efluentes de la empresa curtido de pieles INCAPIELES EIRL Arequipa 2019”, su objetivo fue Mejorar el proceso de tratamientos de efluentes líquidos para disminuir la cantidad de sulfuros en los efluentes de la empresa de curtido de pieles INCAPIELES. En esta investigación analizaremos la materia prima como son los efluentes con contenido de sulfuros, en el que se aplicará un método para su tratamiento consiguiendo de esta forma obtener una incrementación en la efectividad y garantizar una propuesta para una nueva implementación en la empresa INCAPIELES. Este proceso tendrá como única finalidad lograr un análisis del antes y después de todas la mejorar en el tratamiento de efluentes líquidos. Cabe resaltar que se estudiará los efluentes en su ambiente. La investigación por el tipo de estudio tendrá características exploratorias, debido a que aún no ha sido lo suficientemente estudiada, necesidad de saber las condiciones y/o factores existentes aún no exploradas. Los efluentes de pelambre han sido caracterizados, encontrado en ellos una variedad de elementos químicos, y condiciones no apropiadas como color, olor desagradable, en la caracterización encontramos valores de pH de 13, una densidad promedio de 1.055g/l y estos son emitidos dos días a la semana. Los efluentes han sido analizados y se determinó que, en cuanto al contenido de sulfuros, este arroja un valor de 2141,89 mg/l, lo cual está por encima de la norma para la emisión de líquidos al sistema de alcantarillado en industria de curtiembre, la cual nos indica que debe ser menor a los 10mg/l. Se comprueba que el método de oxidación por insuflación de aire es efectivo logrando disminuir los sulfuros a 3.42mg/l y 7.83mg/l según el tamaño de experimentación los cuales fueron en 20 y 200 litros correspondientemente, logrando estar menos de 10mg/l en concentración de sulfuros que manda la norma en emisión de líquidos con contenido de sulfuros al sistema de alcantarillado. Palabras claves: Sulfuros, Oxidación, Efluentes.Tesi

Reshaping Antibody Diversity

SummarySome species mount a robust antibody response despite having limited genome-encoded combinatorial diversity potential. Cows are unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 loops and few V regions, but the mechanism for creating diversity is not understood. Deep sequencing reveals that ultralong CDR H3s contain a remarkable complexity of cysteines, suggesting that disulfide-bonded minidomains may arise during repertoire development. Indeed, crystal structures of two cow antibodies reveal that these CDR H3s form a very unusual architecture composed of a β strand “stalk” that supports a structurally diverse, disulfide-bonded “knob” domain. Diversity arises from somatic hypermutation of an ultralong DH with a severe codon bias toward mutation to cysteine. These unusual antibodies can be elicited to recognize defined antigens through the knob domain. Thus, the bovine immune system produces an antibody repertoire composed of ultralong CDR H3s that fold into a diversity of minidomains generated through combinations of somatically generated disulfides

Predicting developmental changes in internalizing symptoms: Examining the interplay between parenting and neuroendocrine stress reactivity

In this study, we examined whether parenting and HPA‐axis reactivity during middle childhood predicted increases in internalizing symptoms during the transition to adolescence, and whether HPA‐axis reactivity mediated the impact of parenting on internalizing symptoms. The study included 65 children (35 boys) who were assessed at age 5, 7, and 11. Parenting behaviors were assessed via parent report at age 5 and 11. The child's HPA‐axis reactivity was measured at age 7 via a stress task. Internalizing symptoms were measured via teacher reports at age 5 and 11. High maternal warmth at age 5 predicted lower internalizing symptoms at age 11. Also, high reported maternal warmth and induction predicted lower HPA‐axis reactivity. Additionally, greater HPA‐axis reactivity at age 7 was associated with greater increases in internalizing symptoms from age 5 to 11. Finally, the association between age 5 maternal warmth and age 11 internalizing symptoms was partially mediated by lower cortisol in response to the stress task. Thus, parenting behaviors in early development may influence the physiological stress response system and therefore buffer the development of internalizing symptoms during preadolescence when risk for disorder onset is high. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 908–923, 2014.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107358/1/dev21166.pd

Autistic behavior in boys with fragile X syndrome: social approach and HPA-axis dysfunction

The primary goal of this study was to examine environmental and neuroendocrine factors that convey increased risk for elevated autistic behavior in boys with Fragile X syndrome (FXS). This study involves three related analyses: (1) examination of multiple dimensions of social approach behaviors and how they vary over time, (2) investigation of mean levels and modulation of salivary cortisol levels in response to social interaction, and (3) examination of the relationship of social approach and autistic behaviors to salivary cortisol. Poor social approach and elevated baseline and regulation cortisol are discernible traits that distinguish boys with FXS and ASD from boys with FXS only and from typically developing boys. In addition, blunted cortisol change is associated with increased severity of autistic behaviors only within the FXS and ASD group. Boys with FXS and ASD have distinct behavioral and neuroendocrine profiles that differentiate them from those with FXS alone and typically developing boys

Divergent Immune Responses in Behaviorally-Inhibited vs. Non-Inhibited Male Rats

Stable behavioral traits (temperament, personality) often predict health outcomes. Temperament-specific differences in immune function could explain temperament-specific health outcomes, however, we have limited information on whether immune function varies by personality. In the present study, we examined the relationship between a basic behavioral trait (behavioral-inhibition vs. non-inhibition) and two immune responses (innate inflammation and delayed-type hypersensitivity, DTH) in a rodent model. In humans, behavioral inhibition (fearful temperament) is associated with altered stress physiology and allergies. In laboratory rats, the trait is associated with elevated glucocorticoid production. We hypothesized that behavioral inhibition is associated with glucocorticoid resistance and dampened T-helper 1 cell responses often associated with chronic stress and allergies. Further, this immune profile would predict poorly-regulated innate inflammation and dampened DTH. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we quantified consistent behavioral phenotypes by measuring latency to contact two kinds of novelty (object vs. social), then measured lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced innate inflammation or keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH)-induced DTH. Behaviorally-inhibited rats had heightened glucocorticoid and interleukin-6 responses to a low/moderate dose of LPS and reduced DTH swelling to KLH re-exposure compared to non-inhibited rats. These results suggest that behavioral inhibition is associated with a glucocorticoid resistant state with poorly regulated innate inflammation and dampened cell-mediated immune responses. This immune profile may be associated with exaggerated T-helper 2 responses, which could set the stage for an allergic/asthmatic/atopic predisposition in inhibited individuals. Human and animal models of temperament-specific immune responses represent an area for further exploration of mechanisms involved in individual differences in health

Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior

An inverse relation between cortisol (re)activily and externalizing behavior has been hypothesized, but research findings seem equivocal. We tested this hypo(re)activity hypothesis in two meta-analyses, one for basal cortisol (k = 72 studies, N = 5,480) and one for cortisol reactivity to a stressor (k = 29 studies, N = 2,601). No association was found between cortisol reactivity and externalizing behaviors (r = -.04, 95% CI = -.11, .02). However, the relation between basal cortisol and externalizing behavior was significant but small (r = -.05, 95% CI = -.10, -.002). The age of the children significantly moderated this relation: Externalizing behavior was associated with higher basal cortisol (hyperactivity) in preschoolers (r =.09, 95% CI =.002, .17), and with lower basal cortisol (hypoactivity) in elementary school-aged children (r = -.14, 95% CI = -.19, -.08). There was no significant relation between cortisol and externalizing behavior in adolescents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Characterization of a Ku86 Variant Protein That Results in Altered DNA Binding and Diminished DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Activity

Three proteins known to play a critical role in mammalian DNA double-strand break repair and lymphoid V(D)J recombination are the autoantigens Ku86 and Ku70 and a 465-kDa serine/threonine protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). These proteins physically associate to form a complex (DNA.PK) with DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. In this study, we demonstrate using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) that the nuclear DNA end-binding activity of Ku is altered in the human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cell line. Western blot and EMSA supershift analyses revealed that HL-60 cells expressed both full-length and variant Ku86 proteins. However, a combined EMSA and immunoanalysis revealed that the Ku heterodimers complexed with DNA in HL-60 cells contained only the variant Ku86 proteins. Finally, UV cross-linking experiments and DNA.PK assays demonstrated that the Ku complexes containing variant Ku86 had a greatly reduced ability to interact with DNA-PKcs and that consequently HL-60 cells had severely diminished DNA.K activity. These data provide important insights into the interaction between Ku and DNA-PKcs and into the role of DNA.PK in DNA double-strand break repair