23,630 research outputs found
How can European competition law address market distortions caused by state-owned enterprises? Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue No. 18 | December 2019
This Policy Contribution assesses whether European competition law could be applied
more directly to state-owned enterprises that create an unlevel playing field in Europe
because of the support they receive from their home governments. This issue has become
a priority for many European Union countries and for the European Commission, given its
impact on European economic autonomy. Competition law may not be the appropriate tool
for addressing the granting of illegal subsidies or other forms of support in third countries, but
it could be more effective than previously thought in dealing with the distortive effect of stateowned
entities on the EU internal market.
If State-Owned Enterprises are not resource-constrained or even profit maximising,
they might be unconstrained by competitive pressures, therefore possessing a de-facto level of
market power. By adapting existing antitrust theories of harm, such as predatory pricing, to fit
the specific nature of SOEs, this Policy Contribution argues that it should be possible to add
further tools to the EU’s toolbox. In any event, as part of its efforts to address the distortive
effects on the internal market of foreign state ownership and subsidies, the European
Commission should develop a coherent and proactive competition policy to provide
guidance to the market
Avatars and Lebensform: Kirchberg 2007
Several years ago, after a decade of experiments in the software industry, I returned to academia and found philosophy colleagues troubled by the term “virtual reality” — a term which enjoys wide usage in the ?eld of immersive computing but which raises hackles in post-metaphysical philosophers. Some vocabulary in this paper may create similar unease, so a warning may be in order. What makes sense to software engineers may for philosophers carry too much baggage. Words like “empathetic” or “empathic” may cause similar discomfort for those with an allergy to Romanticism. While these adjectives associated with poets like Wordsworth, the term “empathy” belongs equally to software designers and video-game artists who use it to describe the opposite of “?rst-person shooter” software. Empathic, as opposed to “shoot ‘em up” software, encourages the exchange of viewpoints beyond ?rst-person perspective and may even merge several perspectives. Rather than deepen a user’s ?rst-person point-of-view, empathic software offers a socializing experience, and in fact, is sometimes called “social” software, “Net 2.0,” or “computer supported cooperative work.
Maass Spezialschar of level N
In this paper the image of the Saito-Kurokawa lift of level with
Dirichlet character is studied. We give a new characterization of this so
called Maass Spezialschar of level by symmetries involving Hecke operators
related to . We finally obtain for all prime numbers local
Maass relations. This generalizes known results for level
Battle for the People: Ideological Conflict between Soviet Partisans, the German Military, and Ukrainian Nationalists in Nazi-Occupied Ukraine
Soviet historiography discusses the People’s War during the Second World War, the idea that all of the Soviet people rallied to the cause and fought off the Nazi invaders, but this is far from the truth. Within the western borderlands of the Soviet Union multiple conflicting groups fought for control of and support from the people. This was especially true in Ukraine where the German Army, Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian nationalists all fought ‘for the people’ and for their own ideologies. This paper is an attempt to discuss the ideological conflict between the Nazis, the Soviets, and the Ukrainian nationalists, and how the failure or success of these policies led to the legitimizing of policies of mass murder of the local Ukrainian, Jewish, and Polish populations, and how the tension from the partisan struggle continues to this day
Recursive formulation of Madelung continuity equation leads to propagation equation
We apply a recursive approach to the continuity equation of the Madelung
fluid resulting in a propagation equation for particle probability densities.
This propagation equation can be used to propagate particle distributions in
the presence of a Madelung pressure field. We show that the derived propagation
equation goes over into the guidance equation of the de Broglie-Bohm theory in
the limit of well located single particles. As an example, we propagate
particles that enter the lower slit of a double-slit experiment, while the
Madelung fluid enters both slits.Comment: Article replaced because: Reformulated from a mathematical point of
vie
Commitments in Groups and Commitments of Groups
I argue that a group can have normative commitments, and that the commitment of a group is not
merely a sum or aggregate of the commitments of individual group members. I begin with a set of simple
cases which illustrate two structurally different ways that group commitments can go wrong. These two
kinds of potential failure correspond to two different levels of commitment: one at the individual level,
owed to the other group members, and one at the group level, which the group as a single body owes
either to itself or to some third party. I distinguish the content of a commitment (what must be done for
the commitment to be fulfilled) from the holder of that commitment: the party to whom the content is
owed. I then discuss examples which support the two-level view of group commitment and show that,
even when individual-level and group-level commitments have the same content, they are understood to
have different holders. Finally I return to my original cases and argue that a two-level structure of group
commitment allows us to make sense of the problems that occur in them
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