Political Corruption and Mergers and Acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials

Towards an Understanding of Valence in E-Government Services

The Australian government, to remind job seekers of appointments with employment services providers in order to cut costs and free up human resources, is using technologies such as Short Messaging Services (SMS). However, the technologies in-use are but one side of this equation – the specifics of how these technologies are used is the other side, and these specifics are highly undertheorized, particularly in regard to the views of the people to which these technologies are directed. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical framing for this phenomenon as well as to introduce an emerging methodological direction that may allow for a better understanding of demographic-specific values and thereby better valence framing. The paper also theorizes reactions to information that could be applicable elsewhere, not just in e-government or with SMS, thereby contributing to discussions surrounding the ‘Big Data’ debat

Tunneling in a very slow ion-molecule reaction

Quantum tunneling reactions play a significant role in chemistry when classical pathways are energetically forbidden, be it in gas phase reactions, surface diffusion, or liquid phase chemistry. In general, such tunneling reactions are challenging to calculate theoretically, given the high dimensionality of the quantum dynamics, and also very difficult to identify experimentally. Hydrogenic systems, however, allow for accurate first-principles calculations. In this way the rate of the gas phase proton transfer tunneling reaction of hydrogen molecules with deuterium anions, H_2 + D^- --> H^- + HD, has been calculated, but has so far lacked experimental verification. Here we present high-sensitivity measurements of the reaction rate carried out in a cryogenic 22-pole ion trap. We observe an extremely low rate constant of (5.2 +- 1.6) x 10^(-20) cm^3/s. This measured value agrees with quantum tunneling calculations, serving as a benchmark for molecular theory and advancing the understanding of fundamental collision processes. A deviation of the reaction rate from linear scaling, which is observed at high H_2 densities, can be traced back to previously unobserved heating dynamics in radiofrequency ion traps

Neurological status of low-risk Vietnamese newborns: a comparison with a British newborn cohort.

A shortened version of the Dubowitz newborn neurological examination, recently reassessed in rural Thailand, was applied to a group of 58 Vietnamese newborns. The aim was to establish the neurological status of newborns in this population for use in further studies and to compare with groups previously studied. Compared to the original British cohort, the Vietnamese newborns showed significantly lower scores in 10 of 25 items, including several related to truncal tone. Evidence was sought of thiamine and long-chain fatty acid deficiency as a possible cause for these findings, but no correlation was found between the neurological status and the maternal or infant blood levels of these nutritional indicators. The findings suggest that the neurological status of low-risk Vietnamese newborns appears to lie between that of British newborns and those ethnic minority Karen newborns in refugee camps on the Thai-Burmese border tested previously. Although no specific nutritional cause has been identified in the study, the findings may still reflect sub-optimal intake of some important nutrients

Neurological Status of Low-risk Vietnamese Newborns: A Comparison with a British Newborn Cohort

A shortened version of the Dubowitz newborn neurological examination, recently re-assessed in rural Thailand, was applied to a group of 58 Vietnamese newborns. The aim was to establish the neurological status of newborns in this population for use in further studies and to compare with groups previously studied. Compared to the original British cohort, the Vietnamese newborns showed significantly lower scores in 10 of 25 items, including several related to truncal tone. Evidence was sought of thiamine and long-chain fatty acid deficiency as a possible cause for these findings, but no correlation was found between the neurological status and the maternal or infant blood levels of these nutritional indicators. The findings suggest that the neurological status of low-risk Vietnamese newborns appears to lie between that of British newborns and those ethnic minority Karen newborns in refugee camps on the Thai-Burmese border tested previously. Although no specific nutritional cause has been identified in the study, the findings may still reflect sub-optimal intake of some important nutrients

Biological dosimetry after radiosynoviorthesis with rhenium-186 sulphide and erbium-169 citrate

Zur Abschätzung der radiobiologischen Sicherheit des Verfahrens wird in dieser Arbeit die Radiosynoviorthese (RSO) mit Re-186 und Er-169 hinsichtlich biologischer Strahleneffekte untersucht. Bei 23 Patienten wurde eine RSO mit Rhenium-186-Sulfid- (10 Patienten) oder Erbium-169-Zitratkolloid (13 Patienten) durchgeführt. Das behandelte Gelenk wurde anschließend ruhig gestellt. Bei allen Patienten erfolgte vor und 17–19 Tage (Re-186) bzw. 45–50 Tage (Er-169) nach der RSO eine venöse Blutentnahme. Zur Analyse der Strahlenexposition wurde die Häufigkeit von dizentrischen Chromosomen in Lymphozyten der ersten Zellteilung in vitro bestimmt. Pro Patient wurden mindestens 1000 Zellen vor und nach der RSO untersucht, was nach längerer Einwirkung niederenergetischer Strahlung ausreichend ist, um im bestrahlten Kollektiv die im Rahmen der RSO erwarteten Strahlendosen nachzuweisen. Ergänzend wurde bei den mit Re-186 behandelten Patienten der Aktivitätsabtransport aus dem Gelenk mittels Ganzkörperszintigraphie bestimmt. In der Untersuchung von insgesamt 47017 Zellen fanden sich vor RSO mit Re-186 bzw. Er-169 40 bzw. 88, danach 59 bzw. 105 dizentrische Chromosomen in Lymphozyten des peripheren Blutes. Eine signifikante Zunahme der dizentrischen Chromosomen nach der RSO zeigte sich nicht. Der Aktivitätsabtransport nach RSO mit Re-186 lag durchschnittlich unter 5 % (unter 3 MBq) und ist damit als gering einzustufen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Chromosomenaberrationen und des Aktivitätsabtransports nach Radiosynoviorthese mit Rhenium-186 und Erbium-169 sprechen für eine geringe Strahlenexposition der Patienten und damit für die Sicherheit des Verfahrens.The aim of the present studies was to investigate the biological radiation effect of radiosynoviorthesis (RSO) with Re-186 and Er-169 in order to evaluate the safety of this procedure. RSO with rhenium-186 sulfide colloid (10 patients) or erbium-169 citrate colloid (13 patients) was carried out in a total of 23 patients. Afterwards, the treated joint was immobilised for three days using splints. From all patients, blood was drawn immediately before and 17 to 19 days (Re-186) or 45 to 50 days (Er-169) after RSO. To evaluate the radiation dose, the yield of dicentric chromosomes in lymphocytes was determined exclusively in metaphases of the first cell cycle in vitro. At least 1000 cells per patient have been analysed before and after RSO which is sufficient to find potential radiation effects after long-term exposure to low energy radiation such as to expect after RSO. In addition, for Re-186 the activity leakage from the treated joint was measured by whole-body scintigraphy. In a total of 47017 cells analysed from 46 blood samples, 40 and 88 before and 59 and 105 dicentrics after RSO with Re-186 and Er-169 were found. This showed no statistically significant increase in the number of dicentric chromosomes. The measured average activity leakage of less than 5 % (less than 3 MBq) was considered to be low. The results of chromosome analysis and activity measurement after RSO prove that this procedure is associated with a low effective dose in treated patients and thus can be considered a safe treatment

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)—Iron Review

This is the fifth in the series of reviews developed as part of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) program. The BOND Iron Expert Panel (I-EP) reviewed the extant knowledge regarding iron biology, public health implications, and the relative usefulness of currently available biomarkers of iron status from deficiency to overload. Approaches to assessing intake, including bioavailability, are also covered. The report also covers technical and laboratory considerations for the use of available biomarkers of iron status, and concludes with a description of research priorities along with a brief discussion of new biomarkers with potential for use across the spectrum of activities related to the study of iron in human health. The I-EP concluded that current iron biomarkers are reliable for accurately assessing many aspects of iron nutrition. However, a clear distinction is made between the relative strengths of biomarkers to assess hematological consequences of iron deficiency versus other putative functional outcomes, particularly the relationship between maternal and fetal iron status during pregnancy, birth outcomes, and infant cognitive, motor and emotional development. The I-EP also highlighted the importance of considering the confounding effects of inflammation and infection on the interpretation of iron biomarker results, as well as the impact of life stage. Finally, alternative approaches to the evaluation of the risk for nutritional iron overload at the population level are presented, because the currently designated upper limits for the biomarker generally employed (serum ferritin) may not differentiate between true iron overload and the effects of subclinical inflammation