MORTALIDADE POR CAUSAS EXTERNAS EM CRIANÇAS DE 0 A 12 ANOS: UMA ANÁLISE DOS REGISTROS DE ÓBITOS / EXTERNAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN CHILDREN FROM 0 TO 12 YEARS OLD: AN ANALYSIS OF DEATH RECORDS

Introdução: Estudos recentes revelam que causas externas são fatores, cada vez, mais importantes no quadro da mortalidade de crianças. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos por causas externas, na faixa etária de zero a doze anos, registrados no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de São Luís, Maranhão, nos anos de 2009 a 2011. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo do tipo retrospectivo e observacional. As informações sobre a mortalidade por causas externas foram coletadas em laudos denecropsia do Instituto Médico Legal de São Luís (MA) e classificados de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID). Resultados: Dos 101 óbitos estudados, 39,6% foram por acidente de trânsito, 25,7% por afogamentos, 8,9% por homicídios e 25,8% por outros acidentes; o coeficiente de mortalidade por causas externas foi mais expressivo no ano de 2010 (15,3 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes). Das vítimas, 54 eram do sexo masculino (53,5%) e 47 eram do sexo feminino (46,5%). Quando analisada a distribuição de sexo dentro de cada grupo de idade, destaca-se o predomínio do sexo masculino em todas as faixas etárias, à exceção da faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos em que o predomínio do sexo feminino foi maioria. Os meses de julho e agosto apresentaram os maiores percentuais de óbitos com 11,9% cada. Conclusão: Os óbitos por causas externas foram decorrentes, principalmente, de acidentes de trânsito. Os achados contribuem para ampliar o conhecimento epidemiológico de tais eventos, reforçando a necessidade da prevenção.Palavras-chave: Criança. Causas Externas. Mortalidade. Violência.AbstractIntroduction: Recent studies have shown that external causes are factors increasingly more important in the context of children mortality. Objective: To analyze the epidemiology profile of deaths due to external causes of 0-12 years old children in the Medicolegal Office of São Luís, Maranhão, from 2009 to 2011. Methods: This is a retrospective and observational study. Information about mortality due to external causes was collected from necropsy reports of the Medicolegal Office of São Luís. The classification of these causes was made according to the International Classification of Diseases. Results: Out of deaths studied, 39.6% were due to traffic accident, 25.7% by drowning, 8.9% by homicides and 25.8% by other accidents. The mortality rate from external causes was more significant in 2010 (15.3 deaths per 100.000 inhabitants). Of all victims, 54 were male (53.5%) and 47 were female (46.5%). When we analyzed the sex distribution in each age group, the percentage of males in all age groups is predominant, except for the age group 1-4 years in which the predominance of females was evident. The months of July and August had the highest percentages of deaths with 11.9% each. Conclusion: Deaths by external causes were due to mainly traffic accidents. The findings contribute to increasing epidemiological knowledge of such events, which reinforces the need for prevention.Keywords: Child. External Causes. Mortality. Violence

INFECÇÃO PELO VÍRUS INFLUENZA A H1N1 EM GESTANTES / INFLUENZA A H1N1 VIRUS INFECTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Introdução: Gestantes têm um risco aumentado para infecção pelo vírus influenza e suas complicações. Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento sistêmico e o tratamento de gestantes infectadas pelo vírus Influenza A H1N1. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo do tipo documental. Foram analisados os aspectos radiológicos, clínicos e demográficos de todos os casos de gestantes infectadas pelo vírus Influenza A H1N1 internadas no Serviço de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão - HUUFMA. Resultados: Foram avaliados 10 casos de gestantes infectadas pelo vírus Influenza A H1N1. A média de idade foi de 20,9 ± 4,7, variando entre 14 e 30 anos. No início dos sintomas, 5 (50%) mulheres estavam no terceiro trimestre de gestação, sendo que dessas, 4 (80%) evoluíram com complicações. Febre foi o sintoma mais comum, estando presente em todos os casos. Cinco (50%) mulheres apresentaram, além da gestação, pelo menos um fator de risco para complicações. Sete (70%) gestantes apresentaram complicações, sendo que 3 (42,9%) tinham fatores de risco. Duas (20%) pacientes evoluíram para o óbito. Cinco (50%) pacientes iniciaram tratamento específico para o vírus após 48 horas de início dos sintomas, sendo que todas (100%) tiveram complicações. As radiografias do momento da internação evidenciaram infiltrado intersticial peri-hilar e consolidação. Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que as características da infecção pelo vírus H1N1 nas gestantes admitidas no HUUFMA se assemelham às características de outras gestantes estudadas em pesquisas nos diversos lugares do mundo.Palavras-chave: Gestantes. Vírus da Influenza A, subtipo H1N1. Febre. Fatores de risco.AbstractIntroduction: Pregnant women are at increased risk for influenza and its complications. Objective: Evaluate the systemic involvement and the treatment of pregnant women infected with Influenza A virus, H1N1 subtype. Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study, documentary type. We reviewed the radiological, clinical and demographic aspects of all cases of pregnant women infected with H1N1 virus hospitalized in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Sector of University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão. Results: Ten cases of pregnant women infected with H1N1 virus were analyzed. The average age of patients was 20,9 ± 4,7, ranging between 14 e 30 years. At the onset of symptoms, 5 (50%) women were in the third trimester of pregnancy, and of these amount, 4(80%) had complications. Fever was the most common symptom, being present in all cases. Five (50%) women had, in addition to pregnancy, at least one risk factor to develop complications. Seven (70%) patients had complications, of which 3 (42,9%) had risk factors. Two (20%) patients subsequently died. Five (50%) patients started specific treatment for the virus 48 hours after the onset of symptoms, and from these amount, all (100%) of them had complications. Interstitial perihilar infiltrate and consolidation were seen in radiographs at admission. Conclusion: The present study suggest that the characteristics of the infection due to H1N1 I pregnant women, admitted in HUUFMA are similar to the characteristics in other pregnant women observed in a variety of other researches around the world.Keywords: Pregnant women. Influenza A virus, H1N1 subtype. Fever. Risk Factors

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Encuentro de Ciencias Básicas (5): El COVID-19 y sus efectos: las clases remotas y la deserción. Investigaciones enmarcadas en resultados de aprendizaje

En este volumen el lector se encontrará con textos que abordan temáticas como por ejemplo la educación en ciencias en el portal COVID-19: problematización y las relaciones humano-naturaleza a través de la filosofía y la historia de las ciencias, así como la importancia de las biografías en la enseñanza de las ciencias, la construcción de modelos teóricos escolares en la contextualización del conocimiento químico y otras tantas perspectivas. Lo único que resta es invitar a la comunidad académica en general a revisar nuestras memorias, a hacer uso de ellas y sobre todo a aportar a la construcción de nuevas metodologías, no solo para escenarios de pandemia, sino para hacerle frente a todas las demandas que exige el sistema educativo y la investigación en educación.Educação em ciências no “portal covid-19”: problematizando a relação humano-natureza por meio da história e da filosofia da ciencia. Biografías científicas en la enseñanza de ciencias: límites y potencialidades. Construcción de modelos teóricos escolares en la contextualización del conocimiento químico en la enseñanza remota. Transición de laboratorios presenciales a virtuales: impacto de una experiencia en un curso de Fisiología. Niveles de lectura en preguntas de un libro de Fisiología: ¿cuál es su relevancia para la enseñanza? Diseño y evaluación de una estrategia de aprendizaje usando mesas anatómicas digitales en la asignatura Morfología del Aparato Cardiovascular de la Universidad Antonio Nariño. La escritura, la ilustración y la animación como estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la anatomía humana. Alimentando el lenguaje en niños con implante coclear en tiempos del coronavirus. Educación en hábitos alimentarios. Lo establecido en el PAE y la realidad del CED rural de Mochuelo Alto. Herramientas digitales para recolección, procesamiento y presentación de datos de campo como instrumento para afrontar la contingencia COVID-19

O direito fundamental ao trabalho decente sob a ótica da erradicação do trabalho infantil e proteção do adolescente.

O texto aborda o trabalho decente como direito fundamental, com ênfase na situação juvenil, na medida em que pontua a necessidade de erradicação do trabalho infantil como forma de alcança-lo, aliado à medidas de proteção dos adolescentes no mercado de trabalho.The issue of child labor is a matter of concern worldwide, especially in view of its harmful consequences, particularly as regards the perpetuation of the cycle of poverty and school drop-out

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions