The Brewer–Dobson circulation in CMIP6

The Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) is a key feature of the stratosphere that models need to accurately represent in order to simulate surface climate variability and change adequately. For the first time, the Climate Model Intercomparison Project includes in its phase 6 (CMIP6) a set of diagnostics that allow for careful evaluation of the BDC. Here, the BDC is evaluated against observations and reanalyses using historical simulations. CMIP6 results confirm the well-known inconsistency in the sign of BDC trends between observations and models in the middle and upper stratosphere. Nevertheless, the large uncertainty in the observational trend estimates opens the door to compatibility. In particular, when accounting for the limited sampling of the observations, model and observational trend error bars overlap in 40 % of the simulations with available output. The increasing CO2 simulations feature an acceleration of the BDC but reveal a large spread in the middle-to-upper stratospheric trends, possibly related to the parameterized gravity wave forcing. The very close connection between the shallow branch of the residual circulation and surface temperature is highlighted, which is absent in the deep branch. The trends in mean age of air are shown to be more robust throughout the stratosphere than those in the residual circulation. 1 Introduction The Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) describes the net transport of mass, heat and tracers in the stratosphere and therefore plays a primary role in its chemical composition and radiative transfer properties (Butchart, 2014). In particular, the strength of the BDC controls key features such as the rate of stratospheric ozone recovery (Karpechko et al., 2018), the stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange of ozone (e.g., Albers et al., 2018) and the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere (Randel and Park, 2019). The BDC is also fundamentally connected with the thermal structure of the stratosphere and in particular the static stability around the tropopause (Birner, 2010), a key radiative forcing region that also influences deep convection (e.g., Emanuel et al., 2013). Therefore, realistically representing the BDC strength and its variability is a key target for climate models. The BDC is commonly separated into two components: the residual circulation, which is the mean meridional mass circulation approximating the zonal-mean Lagrangian transport, and two-way mixing, which is the irreversible tracer transport caused by stirring of air masses following wave dissipation (Plumb, 2002). The residual circulation in turn is typically divided into the shallow and deep branches, with t

Κορώνη -- Μοσχάτον

A joint measurement is presented of the branching fractions $B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-$ and $B^0\to\mu^+\mu^-$ in proton-proton collisions at the LHC by the CMS and LHCb experiments. The data samples were collected in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, and in 2012 at 8 TeV. The combined analysis produces the first observation of the $B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decay, with a statistical significance exceeding six standard deviations, and the best measurement of its branching fraction so far, and three standard deviation evidence for the $B^0\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decay. The measurements are statistically compatible with SM predictions and impose stringent constraints on several theories beyond the SM