Determinanty spadku płodności w Polsce – próba syntezy

This paper presents a theoretic synthesis of determinants of fertility decline in Poland in the post-war period. The differences in fertility determinants between the communist and post-communist periods are of particular interest. First, we present the changes in the number of births and their direct determinants: the number of women in reproductive age, forming lasting heterosexual relationships and the quantum and timing of fertility. The births’ decline in Poland is attributed to both quantum and timing effects and changes of union formation. In the second part, we discuss indirect determinants of fertility change by referring to main theoretical approaches to nuptiality and fertility, and by making use of research conducted in Poland. In the last section, we present a conceptual model distinguishing fertility determinants operating on the interconnected levels of production and reproduction system (the macro level), labour market and family (the meso level), and work and family social roles (the micro level). By showing how different factors operated differently in the Polish People’s Republic (until 1989) and during the post-communist transition, we analyse links between these determinants and importance of each of them

„Lubmy swoje”, czyli o skrzydlatych słowach wywodzących się z piosenek

The present paper discusses winged words having a source in the lyrics of songs written by W. Młynarski and A. Osiecka. The article also contains examples of such units derived from the texts of other authors, including J. Przybora. The authors chose winged words having their source in the song, because this genre has a strong impact on the Polish language. There are recorded in Polish language, first of all, song titles, repetitive fragments, first of all parts of their choruses. Repeatability of the word relationship in the song favors its recording. In addition to the canonical forms of the analyzed word combinations, for example: W co się bawić; Róbmy swoje; Niech żyje bal! czy Jak dobrze mieć sąsiada, the authors also discuss their various modifications, for example: Lubmy swoje; Jak dobrze znać swojego sąsiada; Jak dobrze mieć tatę. In their considerations, the authors refer to the study of winged words conducted by A. M. Lewicki, W. Chlebda, J. Tarsa and J. Ignatowicz-Skowrońska.W artykule analizie poddano skrzydlate słowa wywodzące się z tekstów piosenek napisanych przez W. Młynarskiego i A. Osiecką. Przywołuje się w nim również przykłady badanych jednostek, które pochodzą z tekstów innych autorów, m.in. J. Przybory. W języku polskim utrwalają się przede wszystkim tytuły piosenek, powtarzalne ich fragmenty, głównie części refrenów. Powtarzalność związku wyrazowego w piosence sprzyja jego utrwaleniu. Oprócz postaci kanonicznych analizowanych połączeń wyrazowych, jak na przykład: W co się bawić; Róbmy swoje; Niech żyje bal! czy Jak dobrze mieć sąsiada, autorki omawiają także różne ich modyfikacje, wynotowane z rozmaitych tekstów, między innymi: Lubmy swoje; Jak dobrze znać swojego sąsiada; Jak dobrze mieć tatę. W swoich rozważaniach autorki odwołują się do badań skrzydlatych słów prowadzonych przez A. M. Lewickiego, W. Chlebdę, J. Tarsę czy J. Ignatowicz-Skowrońską

Tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach – o pewnym frazeologizmie wywodzącym się z języka polityki i o jego modyfikacjach

Due to the influence of the language of politics, the noun phrase, tłuste koty, has become established in modern Polish language. As the research material proves, the idiom fat cats has a negative connotation in the Polish language. Most often, it refers to rich people associated with business, as well as politicians and people in power, such as legislative, executive and judicial. The analysed texts provide many modifications of the expression under analysis, e.g., wypasione pisowskie tłuste koty, tłuste koty w sutannach, tłuste koty nadziane ośmiorniczkami, tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach, lejące krokodyle łzy podczas ucieczki z pogromu kociego na Wall Street, najtłustszy i wredny kot, okrąglutki, milutki, taki kotek tłuściutki. The most important function of modification is to express a critical opinion about people in the category of fatty cats. Through modifications, it is emphasized that the earnings of fatty cats are indecently high, often unreasonable and undeserved. Sharp social opposition causes financiers and politicians to avoid being responsible for their mistakes, for dishonesty. Fat cats are also accused of greed.We współczesnej polszczyźnie utrwaliło się – na skutek oddziaływania języka polityki – wyrażenie rzeczownikowe tłuste koty. Frazeologizm ten ma w języku polskim nacechowanie negatywne. Najczęściej odnosi się do zamożnych osób związanych z biznesem, a także do polityków i osób sprawujących władzę – ustawodawczą, wykonawczą i sądowniczą. W analizowanych tekstach odnaleźć można wiele modyfikacji analizowanego wyrażenia, np. wypasione pisowskie tłuste koty, tłuste koty w sutannach, tłuste koty nadziane ośmiorniczkami, tłuste koty na złotych spadochronach, lejące krokodyle łzy podczas ucieczki z pogromu kociego na Wall Street, najtłustszy i wredny kot, okrąglutki, milutki, taki kotek tłuściutki. Najważniejszą funkcją modyfikacji jest wyrażanie krytycznej opinii na temat osób zaliczanych do kategorii tłustych kotów. Za pomocą modyfikacji podkreśla się to, że zarobki tłustych kotów są nieprzyzwoicie wysokie, często nieuzasadnione i niezasłużone. Ostry sprzeciw społeczny wywołuje unikanie przez finansistów i polityków odpowiedzialności za popełnione przez nich błędy, za nierzetelność. Tłuste koty oskarża się też o chciwość

Envisaging post-Brexit immobility: Polish migrants’ care intentions concerning their elderly parents

© 2020 The Authors. Published by University of Bamberg Press. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-352The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union will end the European Freedom of Movement and the privileged migration status of EU Citizens in the UK, which will likely affect ‘Brexit families’ and their transnational care arrangements. This is a case study of the biggest migrant group in the UK, namely Poles. Before the Brexit referendum, the first wave of the in-depth interviews identified several types of migrants’ intentions concerning elderly care for their parents who remained in Poland. The research approached intentions as discursive strategies: declarations of care commitment and statements provided to explain the absence of care intentions. The second wave was conducted after the UK had decided to exit the EU and new policies concerning EU citizens were being developed. Brexit’s influence on elderly care intentions is twofold. First, it brings higher uncertainty about future migration regulations and disorientates migrants about the possibilities regarding reunification with their parents in the UK. Second, Brexit appears in the interviews as a discursive construction to alleviate a migrant’s involvement in direct care provision, where they still deem it normatively appropriate to enact this cultural norm, but do not intend to in fact do so

Komunikacja według innych miar szyta… Porozumiewanie się z seniorami w opinii ludzi młodych

The article presents obstacles (barriers) indicated by young people that make communication with seniors difficult. The author discusses selected cognitive phenomena (e.g. cognitive disharmony, features of the senile mentality) and some problems concerning language and communication (e.g. indistinct articulation) as well as seniors’ hearing difficulty, all contributing to the deterioration of message reception.The article presents obstacles (barriers) indicated by young people that make communication with seniors difficult. The author discusses selected cognitive phenomena (e.g. cognitive disharmony, features of the senile mentality) and some problems concerning language and communication (e.g. indistinct articulation) as well as seniors’ hearing difficulty, all contributing to the deterioration of message reception

Estimating and Modelling Harvester Productivity in Pine Stands of Different Ages, Densities and Thinning Intensities

In economic terms, the main limiting factors in harvester application in thinning operations are the stand age and thinning intensity with respect to tree size. Furthermore, harvested mean tree size depends on initial stand density but also on the number of trees cut per hectare. The objective of the research was to estimate the impact of: Þ stand age (class), Þ increasing stand density in each age class (AC), Þ increasing number of trees for harvesting in each AC, Þ thinning intensity, on harvester productivity. 17, 19 and 20 sample plots were established within 3rd (AC3) 4th (AC4) and 5th (AC5) age classes, respectively. In each AC, sample plots were selected that had an increasing number of trees per hectare: 563÷1603, 323÷868 and 476÷836 trees ha–1, in AC3, AC4 and AC5, respectively. Also, in each AC, an increasing number of trees per hectare for harvesting was selected: 130÷853, 80÷315 and 108÷282, in AC3, AC4 and AC5, respectively, with the relevant increasing thinning intensity: 35÷84, 21÷77 and 34÷88 m3 ha–1. In each AC, the stands were divided according to different thinning intensity (THI): a60 m3 ha–1, respectively. A Komatsu 931.1 harvester was used for the thinning operation in each stand. The lowest mean productivity was observed in AC3 (18.57 m3 h–1), which was statistically different to AC4 and AC5 (22.24 and 22.60 m3 h–1, respectively). Within each AC, productivity lowered as the number of trees per hectare increased in the initial stand. The productivity decreased in AC3 and AC5 with the increasing number of trees for harvesting, which was not the case in AC4. In relation to the THIs, the lowest mean productivity was obtained in THIa (16.19 m3 h–1), which was statistically different to THIb and THIc (21.44 and 21.98 m3 h–1, respectively). An increasing THI only influenced productivity positively in AC4 and AC5. It can be concluded that the productivity of the Komatsu 931.1 harvester increased along with: Þ older AC, Þ decreasing number of trees in the initial stand in each AC, Þ lowering number of trees for harvesting in AC3 and AC5, Þ increasing THI in only AC4 and AC5. Finally, in the present model, the larger the mean DBH of the trees for harvesting, the greater the productivity. However, the mean DBH has to be considered in conjunction with the number of trees for harvesting (which depends on AC and THI, as variables in the model) when productivity is analysed

High Seroprevalence of CMV Among Women of Childbearing Age Implicates High Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Poland

Cytomegaloviruses are common worldwide, with variable frequency of infections. The infection in pregnancy may lead to pregnancy loss or serious sequelae for the child. To understand the risk posed by CMV in Poland we conducted cross-sectional study on women aged 15–49 basing on existing serum bank. Age dependent CMV incidence, the rates of congenital infection and sequelae were modelled from sero-prevalence, literature and demographic data. The overall anti-CMV IgG prevalence was 81.9% increasing from 74.3% in < 30 years old to 94.3% in subjects 45+ years old. The lowest incidence was estimated at the age of 15 and the highest at the age 34 (3.8 and 8.95 respec­tively/100 women/year). The estimated rate of cCMV varies from 22.4 to 37.2 per 1000 live birth depending on the assumptions made. The proportion of cases due to secondary infection ranged from 34.8% to 49.9% accordingly

Hepatitis C virus epidemiology and prevention in Polish and Swiss population – similar and contrasting experiences

Objective The aim of the study was to review available data on HCV in Poland and Switzerland, in order to compare the two European countries with respect to epidemiological situation and efficiency of the response systems. Material and Methods A search of registries, published and grey literature was performed to assemble data on prevalence, rate of detection of new cases, identified risk factors for transmission, mortality due to HCV, prevalence of HCC and the consequent liver transplantations, as well as data on treatment in Poland and Switzerland. Results Overall, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was similar, not exceeding 1%. However, the major transmission routes of HCV infections were different: medical procedures in Poland and drug injections in Switzerland. By combining the available information it was also possible to demonstrate important differences in efficiency of the response systems. There was approximately 1 new diagnosis per 100 estimated undiagnosed cases in the population in Poland per year, compared to 6 in Switzerland, and the treatment rate per 100 estimated active infections was 2 and 4, respectively. Conclusions Scaling up of the diagnosis and treatment is necessary in both countries; however, the means to achieve this might differ, taking into account the higher concentration of the infections in risk groups in Switzerland than in Poland

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Rhetorical mechanisms used in the subjects of e-mail marketing

W artykule zostały omówione funkcje figur retorycznych używanych w tematach e-maili marketingowych. Zanalizowano takie figury retoryczne, jak anaphorá, epiphorá, diaphorá, polýptōtos, parḗ chēsis, parallēlismós, homoióptoton, homoióteleuton,antytethón. Badany materiał dowodzi, że figury retoryczne stosowane w tytułach e-maili marketingowych mają przede wszystkim przyciągać uwagę odbiorcy, ale nie jest to ich jedyne zadanie.The article is focused on figures of speech in the subjects of e-mail marketing. By analyzing the following figures asanaphorá, epiphorá, diaphorá, polýptōtos, parḗ chēsis, parallēlismós, homoióptoton, homoióteleuton, antytethón, the author concludes that the main function of rhetorical figures is to attract the attention of the recipient. The paper further argues that attracting the users’ attention is not the only task