Rola tzw. Słownika wileńskiego w upowszechnianiu XIX-wiecznej terminologii chemicznej (na marginesie monografii Bogdana Walczaka, Słownik wileński na tle dziejów polskiej leksykografii)

The considerations presented in the article concern the role of the Vilnius Dictionary in the dissemination of chemical terminology in the context of the formation, unification and polishing of scientific terminology in the 19th century. The nominations of chemical elements were examined in detail. Being a general lexicon, the Vilnius Dictionary is a record of the formation (enrichment and deepening) of chemical terminology and its image in the first half of the century. The authors recalled, according to the state of science at the time, all the names of 66 elements, noting the unstable status of some of them. Juxtaposing several terms of the same concept in synonymous sequences, they highlighted the ongoing discussions which mainly concerned the introduction of nominations of the discovered elements, the interpolation of foreign names, the abandoning of the Latin -um ending in the Polish nomenclature and the change of names that reflected the “false” function of the elements. In doing so, they took into account the latest proposals set forth by terminology developers of the time. The Vilnius Dictionary reflects the linguistic practice of scientific communication, which contributed to the standardisation and dissemination of chemical terminology at the time.The considerations presented in the article concern the role of the Vilnius Dictionary in the dissemination of chemical terminology in the context of the formation, unification and polishing of scientific terminology in the 19th century. The nominations of chemical elements were examined in detail. Being a general lexicon, the Vilnius Dictionary is a record of the formation (enrichment and deepening) of chemical terminology and its image in the first half of the century. The authors recalled, according to the state of science at the time, all the names of 66 elements, noting the unstable status of some of them. Juxtaposing several terms of the same concept in synonymous sequences, they highlighted the ongoing discussions which mainly concerned the introduction of nominations of the discovered elements, the interpolation of foreign names, the abandoning of the Latin -um ending in the Polish nomenclature and the change of names that reflected the “false” function of the elements. In doing so, they took into account the latest proposals set forth by terminology developers of the time. The Vilnius Dictionary reflects the linguistic practice of scientific communication, which contributed to the standardisation and dissemination of chemical terminology at the time

Verbum verbo reddere versus sensum sensui reddere, czyli leksykalna dyferencjacja znaczeń kontekstowych greckiego πάσχα we współczesnych translacjach nowotestamentowych (na tle polskiej tradycji przekładowej)

The analysis aims to indicate the methods of translating the cultureme expressed by the Greek lexeme πάσχα in selected contemporary New Testament renderings. The translators of the Catholic Biblia tyniecka (1971) used formal equivalence that is close to the verbum verbo reddere technique established thanks to the Bible edited by Jakub Wujek (1599). This translation technique also dominates in two later renderings of the Catholic circle, i.e. Biblia poznańska (1975) and Nowy Testament by Kazimierz Romaniuk (1975). However, the translators of the Evangelical Biblia warszawska (1975) as well as the translators of the Evangelical dynamic New Testament (1991) and the ecumenical rendering of the New Testament (2001) distinguished the contextual meanings of the Greek πάσχα, thus realizing the essence of the formula sensum sensui reddere, i.e. of dynamic equivalence. This technique was first used by Daniel Mikołajewski in the Gdańsk Bible (1632). The translators of the latest Catholic Biblia paulińska (2011) refer to this technique as well. This fact unquestionably supports the claim that the tendency to lexically differentiate the meanings of the Greekπάσχα in contemporary Polish renderings, the aim of which is to make the meaning of the biblical message accessible to contemporary recipients, is primarily of a philological rather than religious nature.The analysis aims to indicate the methods of translating the cultureme expressed by the Greek lexeme πάσχα in selected contemporary New Testament renderings. The translators of the Catholic Biblia tyniecka (1971) used formal equivalence that is close to the verbum verbo reddere technique established thanks to the Bible edited by Jakub Wujek (1599). This translation technique also dominates in two later renderings of the Catholic circle, i.e. Biblia poznańska (1975) and Nowy Testament by Kazimierz Romaniuk (1975). However, the translators of the Evangelical Biblia warszawska (1975) as well as the translators of the Evangelical dynamic New Testament (1991) and the ecumenical rendering of the New Testament (2001) distinguished the contextual meanings of the Greek πάσχα, thus realizing the essence of the formula sensum sensui reddere, i.e. of dynamic equivalence. This technique was first used by Daniel Mikołajewski in the Gdańsk Bible (1632). The translators of the latest Catholic Biblia paulińska (2011) refer to this technique as well. This fact unquestionably supports the claim that the tendency to lexically differentiate the meanings of the Greekπάσχα in contemporary Polish renderings, the aim of which is to make the meaning of the biblical message accessible to contemporary recipients, is primarily of a philological rather than religious nature

Neologizmy słowotwórcze w słowniku Obserwatorium Językowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (na materiale haseł opracowanych do lutego 2022 roku). Część 3: Derywaty adiektywne i werbalne

This article constitutes the third part of a cycle devoted to 1 117 Polish derivational neologisms in Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw). Its aim is to present and analyse 92 adjectival and 119 verbal derivatives in the Polish language divided into groups of derivational neologisms created by the use of the same formative technique and affix. The study concludes that the largest class among the described new adjectival derivatives in contemporary Polish language consists of suffixal structures and that the largest class of new verbal derivatives includes structures with inflectional formative. As for the morphemes used to create them, the suffixes -owy and -owa-/-uj- turned out to be the most productive.This article constitutes the third part of a cycle devoted to 1 117 Polish derivational neologisms in Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw). Its aim is to present and analyse 92 adjectival and 119 verbal derivatives in the Polish language divided into groups of derivational neologisms created by the use of the same formative technique and affix. The study concludes that the largest class among the described new adjectival derivatives in contemporary Polish language consists of suffixal structures and that the largest class of new verbal derivatives includes structures with inflectional formative. As for the morphemes used to create them, the suffixes -owy and -owa-/-uj- turned out to be the most productive

Nazwy własne w literaturze dziecięcej Rogera Hargreavesa w tłumaczeniu Marcina Wróbla

The subject of the analysis presented in the article were personal names and toponyms derived from 42 stories by Roger Hargreaves addressed to children aged 4–6. The description of proper names in the British writer’s works is based on theassumption that the translator fully understood and faithfully reflected the author’s intentions, taking into account the functionality of the cycle of stories and the age of the recipient, and that his goal was to faithfully translate the senses contained in the semantics/sound of the created onyms. The study aimed to capture the mechanisms of creating proper names and the ways of introducing onyms into the text. The article also describes an onymic strategy consisting of a syntactic and semantic juxtaposition of anthroponyms with toponyms which serves to complete the characterisation of the heroes and the construction of the literary world. The names extracted from Hargreaves’s works were considered in terms of their textual and semiotic structures, in both the motivational and pragmatic dimensions. A semanticpragmatic analysis of the names showed that the onyms invented by the author/translator were created as series. Within the creative models used by him, the following stand out due to their frequency: names derived using suffixes, names created with the use of an appellative used specifically for naming people – pan [mister], formations composed with the lexeme mały [small] and items created by means of onymisation.The subject of the analysis presented in the article were personal names and toponyms derived from 42 stories by Roger Hargreaves addressed to children aged 4–6. The description of proper names in the British writer’s works is based on theassumption that the translator fully understood and faithfully reflected the author’s intentions, taking into account the functionality of the cycle of stories and the age of the recipient, and that his goal was to faithfully translate the senses contained in the semantics/sound of the created onyms. The study aimed to capture the mechanisms of creating proper names and the ways of introducing onyms into the text. The article also describes an onymic strategy consisting of a syntactic and semantic juxtaposition of anthroponyms with toponyms which serves to complete the characterisation of the heroes and the construction of the literary world. The names extracted from Hargreaves’s works were considered in terms of their textual and semiotic structures, in both the motivational and pragmatic dimensions. A semanticpragmatic analysis of the names showed that the onyms invented by the author/translator were created as series. Within the creative models used by him, the following stand out due to their frequency: names derived using suffixes, names created with the use of an appellative used specifically for naming people – pan [mister], formations composed with the lexeme mały [small] and items created by means of onymisation

Crisis from Afar. Media Conceptualisations of Events in Brazil after the 2022 Presidential Election

The proximity (localness) of the reported events is closely correlated with their relevance to the audience of media reports—and so the fact that it may be “our business”, that the thing may also affect us, becomes crucial to the decision to deal with the topic in question, but also to the way in which it is dealt with. In this article, we are interested in media conceptualisations of a crisis that is far away, that is “alien”, “foreign”, and thus cannot be narrated through reference to social and receptive experience. We look at the ways in which the exoticisation of distant places and events can be reduced, and thus at strategies for convincing the Polish audience that these are issues that are relevant and worthy of attention. We will look at whether the divisive, deeply political fractures in media narratives also apply to the storytelling about events on the other hemisphere, and whether the ideological filters common in Polish media are also imposed on what is unknown.The proximity (localness) of the reported events is closely correlated with their relevance to the audience of media reports—and so the fact that it may be “our business”, that the thing may also affect us, becomes crucial to the decision to deal with the topic in question, but also to the way in which it is dealt with. In this article, we are interested in media conceptualisations of a crisis that is far away, that is “alien”, “foreign”, and thus cannot be narrated through reference to social and receptive experience. We look at the ways in which the exoticisation of distant places and events can be reduced, and thus at strategies for convincing the Polish audience that these are issues that are relevant and worthy of attention. We will look at whether the divisive, deeply political fractures in media narratives also apply to the storytelling about events on the other hemisphere, and whether the ideological filters common in Polish media are also imposed on what is unknown

The Power of Inherited Language in Multilingual Adults. Survey Study

The considerations in this article are focused on the phenomenon of widespread multilingualism in Europe and the increasing number of multilingual adults. A language biography was used as a research tool to access languages in dreams, prayer and thought. The study was conducted on 68 multilingual people. The following results were obtained: regardless of the bilinguals’ age and country of residence, inheritance languages appear in the majority of the respondents (50/68) in dreams. An even greater proportion in favour of inheritance languages was observed in relation to the language of prayer or thought (50/60). The study confirms the hypothesis that inheritance language is a reservoir of childhood experiences and resurfaces actively in emotional and personal activities performed by bilinguals.The considerations in this article are focused on the phenomenon of widespread multilingualism in Europe and the increasing number of multilingual adults. A language biography was used as a research tool to access languages in dreams, prayer and thought. The study was conducted on 68 multilingual people. The following results were obtained: regardless of the bilinguals’ age and country of residence, inheritance languages appear in the majority of the respondents (50/68) in dreams. An even greater proportion in favour of inheritance languages was observed in relation to the language of prayer or thought (50/60). The study confirms the hypothesis that inheritance language is a reservoir of childhood experiences and resurfaces actively in emotional and personal activities performed by bilinguals

Funkcje par wyrazów połączonych relacją konwersywności. Analiza korpusowa na przykładzie par mąż : żona, lekarz : pacjent, nauczyciel : uczeń i kupować : sprzedawać

The aim of the paper is to investigate whether pairs of words connected by a semantic relation of converseness perform the same functions in contexts as strong semantic binary oppositions of other types. The following four pairs were analysed: mąż : żona (husband : wife), nauczyciel : uczeń (teacher : student), lekarz : pacjent (doctor : patient) and kupować : sprzedawać (buy : sell). A total of 800 sentences in which members of one of these four pairs co-occur were analysed. The sentences were selected from the National Corpus of Polish. The tool used for the analysis was a set of functions performed by oppositional pairs, used in recent decades in research on various European and non-European languages. In the sets of sentences, for all tested pairs of converses, a significant share of two functions was found: ancillary and coordinated – they were the same ones that had turned out to be the most frequent in previous studies on oppositions of other types. This share was larger for the kupować : sprzedawać pair than for pairs of nous.The aim of the paper is to investigate whether pairs of words connected by a semantic relation of converseness perform the same functions in contexts as strong semantic binary oppositions of other types. The following four pairs were analysed: mąż : żona (husband : wife), nauczyciel : uczeń (teacher : student), lekarz : pacjent (doctor : patient) and kupować : sprzedawać (buy : sell). A total of 800 sentences in which members of one of these four pairs co-occur were analysed. The sentences were selected from the National Corpus of Polish. The tool used for the analysis was a set of functions performed by oppositional pairs, used in recent decades in research on various European and non-European languages. In the sets of sentences, for all tested pairs of converses, a significant share of two functions was found: ancillary and coordinated – they were the same ones that had turned out to be the most frequent in previous studies on oppositions of other types. This share was larger for the kupować : sprzedawać pair than for pairs of nous

Pół wieku języka narodowego w liturgii. Doświadczenie z Czech

After the Second Vatican Council, national languages began to be used in the Catholic liturgy and it was necessary to prepare translations of liturgical books. On this occasion, in the Czech Republic, the translation of the Bible was also revised and a new hymnal was published. The translation of the missal, especially the speeches delivered by the priest and the faithful at every mass became a very urgent task. In this article, we deal with the linguistic side of these translations, mainly of the Czech Missal. The translation of liturgical texts into Czech is not literal, it does not copy the syntax of the Latin original, but it always preserves its meaning. A neutral literary Czech was deliberately chosen for the translation so that the language of the liturgy would not become obsolete. After several years of using the Czech Missal, some modifications were made. For example, masculine forms were replaced by neutral ones so that they could be recited by both men and women.After the Second Vatican Council, national languages began to be used in the Catholic liturgy and it was necessary to prepare translations of liturgical books. On this occasion, in the Czech Republic, the translation of the Bible was also revised and a new hymnal was published. The translation of the missal, especially the speeches delivered by the priest and the faithful at every mass became a very urgent task. In this article, we deal with the linguistic side of these translations, mainly of the Czech Missal. The translation of liturgical texts into Czech is not literal, it does not copy the syntax of the Latin original, but it always preserves its meaning. A neutral literary Czech was deliberately chosen for the translation so that the language of the liturgy would not become obsolete. After several years of using the Czech Missal, some modifications were made. For example, masculine forms were replaced by neutral ones so that they could be recited by both men and women

Słownictwo tematyczne w rejestrach percepty i ekspensy cechu piwowarskiego w Krakowie

The article has been devoted to the vocabulary found in the expenses and revenue register of the brewers’ guild in Cracow from the 1760s and 1770s. The analysis serves to expand the knowledge about the language of official documents, the specific language of guild documents and thematically-specialized vocabulary, mainly administrative, legal and economic one. The reference point for the observations is the analysis of the lexis used in the community’s guild protocols. Both types of documents contain vocabulary related to the subject of professional work, conducting financial business and to administrative and judicial matters. The content of the lexis is somewhat similar, but each thematic category in both types of sources contains a slightly different lexical composition, the saturation of genres differs as well. The study of one type of guild documents, even those considered to be the most representative and typical, does not allow for characterising the entire specificity of communication and the lexical richness of the communicative medium – i.e. the official language of a particular community.The article has been devoted to the vocabulary found in the expenses and revenue register of the brewers’ guild in Cracow from the 1760s and 1770s. The analysis serves to expand the knowledge about the language of official documents, the specific language of guild documents and thematically-specialized vocabulary, mainly administrative, legal and economic one. The reference point for the observations is the analysis of the lexis used in the community’s guild protocols. Both types of documents contain vocabulary related to the subject of professional work, conducting financial business and to administrative and judicial matters. The content of the lexis is somewhat similar, but each thematic category in both types of sources contains a slightly different lexical composition, the saturation of genres differs as well. The study of one type of guild documents, even those considered to be the most representative and typical, does not allow for characterising the entire specificity of communication and the lexical richness of the communicative medium – i.e. the official language of a particular community

Nazywanie i poznawanie pewnej części krajobrazu – pojęcie łąka i jego wykładniki leksykalne w świetle dawnych oraz współczesnych słowników i źródeł encyklopedycznych

The work presented here focuses on the meaning of the word and term łąka (meadow) in the Polish language, with its examination based on contemporary and historical lexical and encyclopaedic sources. An analysis of this lexeme has been broadened by the study of related words, e.g.: pastwisko (pasture), łęg (demonstrating two meanings in Polish: a marshy meadow and a riparian forest), hala (a mountain glade in the sense of alpage), and polana (a glade). Contemporary definitions have been compared to those present in history, and represented in relevant historical sources. The comparison allowed the author to trace the changes in general meaning and in (overlapping) meaning areas. The research demonstrates that the word łąka has got a rather long history (the sources elaborated on by Słownik staropolski [Old-Polish dictionary] prove that the word first appeared in 1270), and it is still vivid and up-to-date. Evidence shows that the distinct features of the word łąka, represented in relevant lexicography, have been shaped by spatial, environmental and land-management connotations.The work presented here focuses on the meaning of the word and term łąka (meadow) in the Polish language, with its examination based on contemporary and historical lexical and encyclopaedic sources. An analysis of this lexeme has been broadened by the study of related words, e.g.: pastwisko (pasture), łęg (demonstrating two meanings in Polish: a marshy meadow and a riparian forest), hala (a mountain glade in the sense of alpage), and polana (a glade). Contemporary definitions have been compared to those present in history, and represented in relevant historical sources. The comparison allowed the author to trace the changes in general meaning and in (overlapping) meaning areas. The research demonstrates that the word łąka has got a rather long history (the sources elaborated on by Słownik staropolski [Old-Polish dictionary] prove that the word first appeared in 1270), and it is still vivid and up-to-date. Evidence shows that the distinct features of the word łąka, represented in relevant lexicography, have been shaped by spatial, environmental and land-management connotations