Critical positions in the ESL classroom mediated by music

El siguiente proyecto discute cómo los profesores pueden promover el pensamiento crítico y generar posiciones críticas en el salón de clases de inglés como una segunda lengua a través de actividades mediadas por música. El proyecto es una investigación cualitativa que sigue una metodología basada en la resolución de tareas con el fin de identificar, analizar, describir y categorizar las posiciones críticas que podrían emerger. El siguiente documento presenta seis capítulos. El primer capítulo presenta un resumen, el planteamiento del problema, la justificación y las preguntas y objetivos. El segundo capítulo describe y explica los constructos teóricos que apoyan el estudio y provee una mirada a literatura relacionada. El tercer capítulo explica y describe el diseño instructivo. El cuarto capítulo explica y describe el diseño de investigación. El quinto capítulo presenta los resultados y hallazgos y el capítulo final presenta la conclusión y las implicaciones pedagógicas. Además, este documento provee una metodología clara que puede ser usada y adaptada por profesores de inglés como segunda lengua en distintos contextos con el fin de promover e implementar exitosamente el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico dentro de sus salones de clases.Abstract The following project discusses how teachers can promote critical thinking and generate critical positions in the ESL classroom through activities mediated by music. The project is a qualitative research that follows a task-based methodology in order to identify, analyze, describe and categorize the critical positions that could emerge. The following document presents six chapters. The first chapter presents the general introduction, the statement of the problem, the justification and the questions and objectives. The second chapter describes and explains the theoretical constructs that support the study and provides an overview of related literature. The third chapter explains and describes the instructional design. The fourth chapter explains and describes the research design. The fifth chapter presents the results and findings and the final chapter presents the conclusion and pedagogical implication. Furthermore, this paper provides a clear methodology which can be used and adapted by ESL teachers in several contexts in order to promote and successfully implement critical thinking development inside their classrooms

Estudio de prefactibilidad para la implementación de una empresa de servicio de venta de regalos personalizados vía página web

presente estudio de prefactibilidad tiene como finalidad determinar la viabilidad técnica económica y social de la implementación del servicio de ventas por internet de regalos personalizados. Esta propuesta nace para satisfacer la necesidad del mercado, ya que las personas actualmente llevan una vida agitada, y lo que se busca es optimizar su tiempo. Mediante esta plataforma web, el cliente podrá elegir que regalo enviar a sus amigos o familiares. Se estima que la demanda del proyecto para el año 2026 será de 35,223 regalos, según los criterios de segmentación de mercado del sector socioeconómico A y B de Lima Metropolitana entre los 18 y 55 años, siendo considerados cibernautas. El distrito más idóneo para que funcione el negocio es Lince, debido al análisis realizado de las alternativas de macro y micro localización. Asimismo, por ser un negocio que nace en base a la tecnología, sus limitantes se dan en función a la demanda y no en la capacidad productiva ni tecnológica. Adicionalmente se definirá la estructura jerárquica de la empresa, el número de colaboradores que son 9 y sus roles respectivos. Se detallará la viabilidad económica y financiera del proyecto para los 5 años de vida del negocio. Se obtuvo un VAN de S/ 260,258 y un TIR económico de 52.23%. Por otro lado, en la evaluación financiera se obtuvo un VAN de S/ 342,584 y un TIR financiero de 62.17% Finalmente, se analizan los principales indicadores sociales como valor agregado, densidad de capital, intensidad de capital, productividad de mano de obra y relación producto-capital. Y se obtuvo un valor agregado actual de S/ 4,438,237.The purpose of this research Project is to determine the technical, economic and social feasibility of the implementation of the internet sales service for personalized gifts. This proposal was born to satisfy the need of the market, since people currently lead hectic lives, and what is sought is to optimize their time. Through this web platform, the client will be able to choose which gift to send to their friends or family. It is estimated that the demand for the project for the year 2026 will be 35,223 gifts, according to the market segmentation criteria of the socioeconomic sector A and B of Lima Metropolitan between the ages of 18 and 55, being considered web user. The most suitable district for the business to work is Lince, due to the analysis carried out of the macro and micro location alternatives. Likewise, since it is a business that was born based on technology, its limitations are based on demand and not on productive or technological capacity. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the company, the number of collaborators that are 9 and their respective roles will be defined. The economic and financial viability of the project for the 5-year life of the business will be detailed. A NPV of S/ 260,258 and an economic IRR of 52.23% were obtained. On the other hand, in the financial evaluation, a NPV of S/ 342,584 and a financial IRR of 62.17% were obtained. Finally, the main social indicators such as value added, capital density, capital intensity, labor productivity and product-capital ratio are analyzed. And a current added value of S/ 4,438,237 was obtained

Immunization with surface immunogenic protein induces a decrease of vaginal colonization by group B Streptococcus in an experimental mouse model

The Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in developed countries and an emerging pathogen in adults. A neonatal infection occurs predominantly during the delivery by either inhalation or ingestion of contaminated secretions of the mother’s vagina. Maternal screening by rectovaginal GBS colonization at 35–37 weeks of gestation, with subsequent intra-partum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) at the onset of labor, is implemented in some countries to prevent newborn invasive by GBS. Currently, there are not vaccines to prevent the devastating consequences of GBS and a glycoconjugate vaccine is under clinical experimentation (Clinical Trials Phase III). The Surface Immunological Protein (SIP) of GBS is highly immunogenic and conserved between different serotypes of this bacterium. The SIP had been described to induce antibodies type IgG that induces protective immunity in animal model challenged intraperitoneally with GBS. Here we describe the immunization with SIP mixed with an AbISCO-100 adjuvant in mice model challenged to GBS vaginal infection. The vaccine has demonstrated to decrease the GBS colonization in infected mouse. The SIP immunization has also increased the circulating IgA, IgG and IgG2a levels against SIP and antigen-specific circulating levels of IFN- ƴ and IL–2. Moreover, transfer of serum and T cells from a vaccinated animal into a non-immunized animal induced immune protection to the animals from challenged GBS colonization of the vaginal tract. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a simple and effective vaccine is able to prevent GBS colonization, where cellular immunity plays an important role. To our knowledge, is the first report the SIP-based vaccine reduces the vaginal GBS colonization in an animal model

Educação formal, não formal e informal e inovação: Inovar para educar e educar para inovar

This paper analyzes the relationship between the educational experience and the innovative person, and studies the influence of this experience on the development of capacities and skills for innovation in the people interviewed. The discussion is based on a qualitative approach, by means of ten interviews with people defined as innovators, located in companies of the food industry in Costa Rica. The experiences of innovators are analyzed with respect to the different types of education and how these allow generating competencies for innovation, that is, whether or not they allow educating to innovate. Among the main findings is the identification, at different levels, of the influence of the formal, non-formal and informal educational process on the development of innovators. This influence is not always positive, as it can appear as a condition that favors the development of innovation capabilities or as a limiting factor, as shown by the experiences of the innovators studied.En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre la experiencia educativa y la persona innovadora, se estudia la influencia de dicha experiencia en el desarrollo de las capacidades y las habilidades para la innovación en las personas entrevistadas. La discusión que se lleva a cabo se fundamenta en una aproximación de tipo cualitativo, mediante la realización de diez entrevistas a personas definidas como innovadoras, localizadas en las empresas de la industria alimentaria de Costa Rica. Se analizan las experiencias de las personas innovadoras respecto a los diferentes tipos de educación y cómo estas permiten generar competencias para la innovación, es decir, permiten o no educar para innovar. Entre los principales hallazgos, se destaca la identificación, en diversos niveles, de la influencia del proceso educativo formal, no formal e informal, en el desarrollo de las personas innovadoras. Influencia no siempre positiva, pues puede aparecer como una condición que propicia el desarrollo de las capacidades de innovación o como limitante, según lo muestran las experiencias de las personas innovadoras estudiadasEste documento analisa a relação entre a experiência educacional e a pessoa inovadora, e estuda a influência desta experiência no desenvolvimento de competências e capacidades de inovação nas pessoas entrevistadas. A discussão é baseada numa abordagem qualitativa, através de dez entrevistas com pessoas definidas como inovadoras, localizadas em empresas da indústria alimentar na Costa Rica. As experiências dos inovadores são analisadas em relação aos diferentes tipos de educação e como estas permitem a geração de competências para a inovação, ou seja, se permitem ou não a educar para a inovação. Entre as principais conclusões está a identificação, a diferentes níveis, da influência do processo educativo formal, não formal e informal no desenvolvimento das pessoas inovadoras. Esta influência nem sempre é positiva, pois pode aparecer como uma condição que favorece o desenvolvimento das capacidades de inovação ou como um fator que limita, como demonstram as experiências dos inovadores estudados

Comparación de la potencia aeróbica máxima e indicadores de saltabilidad según sexo en estudiantes de octavo básico y segundo medio del Colegio San Francisco Javier de Huechuraba

Tesis (Profesor de Educación Física, Licenciado en Educación)Actualmente, Chile presenta elevados índices de obesidad y enfermedades asociadas al sedentarismo, siendo la actividad física una de las principales maneras de prevenir y contrarrestar sus consecuencias negativas. Esta problemática también se observa al interior de los establecimientos educacionales, donde una correcta planificación de las actividades físicas permite maximizar sus efectos positivos sobre la salud física y mental de los estudiantes. Para ello, es relevante realizar un diagnóstico y recabar información respecto a la situación actual en términos de aptitud física en los estudiantes de un determinado colegio, y cómo el sexo influye sobre dicho parámetro. En la presente tesis se realizó un estudio comparativo para determinar las diferencias que existen entre distintos sexos en cursos de octavo y segundo medio, al momento de realizar un esfuerzo físico de tipo aeróbico y anaeróbico. Para ello, se utilizó el test Course Navette y la batería de saltos creada por el profesor Carmelo Bosco, respectivamente, comparando las diferencias observadas entre hombres y mujeres de los mencionados cursos en el colegio San Francisco Javier de Huechuraba. En base a la aplicación de los diferentes tests, se observó que el promedio de varones fue superior al de las damas, es decir, el sexo masculino obtuvo mejores resultados en las distintas pruebas de resistencia aeróbica y de saltos, lo que podría estar relacionado a las diferencias fisiológicas existentes entre ambos sexos. Los resultados anteriores evidencian la necesidad de generar nuevas pautas y proyectos donde se plantean ejercicios de forma más personalizada y acorde al nivel de maduración del sexo, evaluando de distinta manera a hombres y mujeres. Las conclusiones generadas a partir de esta tesis permitieron además ampliar un camino de investigación, recalcando la necesidad y utilidad de abarcar distintos temas relacionados a cómo se están desarrollando los estudiantes y qué caminos de acción y evaluación se debe tomar como profesores para entregar las mejores herramientas, formando jóvenes activamente motrices y capaces de realizar tanto actividad física en la vida cotidiana como desempeñarse en algún deporte de elite.Currently, Chile country has a very high prevalence of obesity and sedentarism-associated diseases, being the physical activity one of the principal of preventing and counteracting its negative consequences. This problem is also observed in educational establishment, where a correct planing of the physical activity programs allows to a maximization of its beneficial effects on the mental and physical health of students. For this, it is very important to diagnose and gather information the current situation in terms of physical condition of students from a defined school, and how gender influences such parameter. The thesis of this work was comparative study to determine the existing gender differences in eight and tenth graders of each gender inresponse to aerobic and anaerobic excercises. For this purpose, we used the Curse Navette test and the jump battery test developed by the professor Carmelo Bosco, respectively, comparing the differences observed between men and women from the grades mentionaed above in the school San Francisco of Huechuraba. Based on the application of different tests, observed that the average of physical condition was higher in men compared to women in both aerobic and jump resistence tests, and this could be related with the physiological differences that exists between both genders. These results ilustrate the importance of generating new excercise programs, tending to a personalized routine in agreement with sex maturation, and evaluating men and women distinctly. The conclusions generated from this thesis allowed us the exploration of to the problem from a wider point of view, evidenciating the importance and utility of discussing how students are learning which teaching strategies teaching and evaluations should be follow by teachers, to provide the best learning tools to form active and healthy young people, able to practice both routinary or domestic exercise programs and a high-performance sport

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Common and rare variant association analyses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis identify 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology

A cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including 29,612 patients with ALS and 122,656 controls identifies 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with a lifetime risk of one in 350 people and an unmet need for disease-modifying therapies. We conducted a cross-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 29,612 patients with ALS and 122,656 controls, which identified 15 risk loci. When combined with 8,953 individuals with whole-genome sequencing (6,538 patients, 2,415 controls) and a large cortex-derived expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) dataset (MetaBrain), analyses revealed locus-specific genetic architectures in which we prioritized genes either through rare variants, short tandem repeats or regulatory effects. ALS-associated risk loci were shared with multiple traits within the neurodegenerative spectrum but with distinct enrichment patterns across brain regions and cell types. Of the environmental and lifestyle risk factors obtained from the literature, Mendelian randomization analyses indicated a causal role for high cholesterol levels. The combination of all ALS-associated signals reveals a role for perturbations in vesicle-mediated transport and autophagy and provides evidence for cell-autonomous disease initiation in glutamatergic neurons

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation