Methodological guidelines for the development of a free software that generates learning objects according to the characterization of the rural educational community served by the Patio Bonito Educational Institution in the municipality of El Espinal, department of Tolima - Colombia

En el marco del programa de Maestría de software libre, el proyecto de investigación desarrollado aplica estándares metodológicos existentes relacionados con la caracterización, descripción técnica de requerimientos y valoración de algunas aplicaciones existentes para comprobar que es necesario el planteamiento de lineamientos metodológicos para el desarrollo de software pertinente a las necesidades de la educación rural y de su entorno representados por el caso de estudio de la Institución Educativa Patio Bonito del municipio de El Espinal departamento del Tolima. Estos lineamientos comprenden aspectos de desarrollo de aplicaciones educativas y aspectos legales / empresariales relacionados con el ciclo de vida del software, las metodologías de desarrollo ágil y las limitaciones de los clientes (recursos educativos y económicos insuficientes, sistemas informáticos anticuados y escasa habilidad de los usuarios en el manejo de estos equipos). Mediante las pruebas propuestas fue posible comprobar la necesidad de desarrollar las actividades de caracterización y posterior descripción de requerimientos para ofrecer una alternativa de solución válida a la necesidad de materiales educativos pertinentes al entorno educativo rural de la institución donde se llevó a cabo el caso de estudio. Prueba de la pertinencia de los lineamientos metodológicos planteados, es el desarrollo de un prototipo de software que demostró varias de las premisas propuestas en el desarrollo del documento además de probar la necesidad de producir herramientas pertinentes al entorno rural. En la consulta realizada a los usuarios, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta de satisfacción, y a un experto en desarrollo de software en el entorno educativo universitario, mediante la aplicación de una métrica de calidad, se pudieron observar resultados satisfactorios en materia de cumplimiento de requerimientos, lo que demuestra la pertinencia de la herramienta desarrollada.Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOCINTRODUCCIÓN 17 1. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 23 1.1 MARCO TEÓRICO 23 1.1.1 Software Libre En La Educación. 23 1.1.2 Apropiación De Tic En La Educación. 24 1.1.3 La Educación Rural. 26 1.1.4 Objetos De Aprendizaje. 28 1.1.4.1 Teorías de la Instrucción. 28 1.1.4.2 Definición de Objeto de Aprendizaje. 31 1.1.4.3 Taxonomía de un Objeto de Aprendizaje. 32 1.1.4.4 Definición Acordada por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional. 34 1.1.4.5 Estándares Aplicados a Objetos de Aprendizaje. 35 1.1.5 Exploración De Factores Que Inciden En El Aprendizaje. 41 1.1.5.1 Intrapersonales. 41 1.1.5.2 Interpersonales. 43 1.1.5.3 Ambientales y Contextuales. 44 1.2 ESTADO DEL ARTE 46 1.2.1 Resumen Referencia De Trabajos De Investigación 51 1.2.2 Objetos De Aprendizaje Orientados A Población Rural 54 2. MÉTODO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 56 2.1 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN 56 2.1.1 Paso 1. Identificación De Objetivos Y Alcance 57 2.1.1.1 Objetivo General 57 2.1.1.2 Objetivos Específicos 57 2.1.2 Paso 2. Líder De Ejercicio De Caracterización 58 2.1.3 Paso 3. Establecimiento De Variables 58 2.1.3.1 Variables Geográficas. 58 2.1.3.2 Variables Demográficas. 59 2.1.3.3 Variables Intrínsecas. 60 2.1.3.4 Variables de Comportamiento. 60 2.1.4 Paso 4. Priorización De Variables. 61 2.1.4.1 Relevantes. 61 2.1.4.2 Uso de TIC. 62 2.1.4.3 Medible. 62 2.1.4.4 Asociativas. 62 2.1.4.5 Consistentes. 63 2.1.4.6 Selección de Variables. 63 2.1.5 Paso 5. Identificación De Mecanismos De Recolección De Información. 64 2.1.6 Paso 6. Tabular La Información, Establecer Segmentos De Personas Con Características Similares. 66 2.1.7 Paso 7. Divulgar Y Publicar La Información. 70 2.2 DEFINICIÓN DE REQUERIMIENTOS DE SOFTWARE 70 2.2.1 Introducción. 70 2.2.1.1 Propósito. 71 2.2.1.2 Ámbito del Sistema. 71 3.2.1.3 Referencias. 72 2.2.1.3 Referencias. 72 2.2.2 Descripción General. 72 2.2.2.1 Perspectiva del Producto. 73 2.2.2.2 Funciones del Producto. 73 2.2.2.3 Características de los Usuarios. 73 2.2.2.4 Restricciones. 74 2.2.2.5 Suposiciones y Dependencias. 75 2.2.2.6 Requisitos Futuros. 75 2.2.3 Requisitos Específicos. 75 2.2.3.1 Interfaces Externas. 75 2.2.3.2 Funciones. 75 2.2.3.3 Requisitos de Rendimiento. 76 2.2.3.4 Restricciones de Diseño. 78 2.2.3.5 Atributos del Sistemas. 78 2.2.3.6 Otros Requisitos. 79 2.2.4. Apéndices. 79 2.3 VALORACIÓN DE SOFTWARE LIBRE EDUCATIVO 80 2.3.1 Establecimiento de la Evaluación. 80 2.3.1.1 Objetivo de la Evaluación. 80 2.3.1.2 Tipo de Evaluación. 81 2.3.1.3 Tipo de Producto. 81 2.3.2 Planificación de la Evaluación. 81 2.3.2.1 Responsables y Roles. 82 2.3.2.2 Contrato o Acuerdo de Evaluación. 82 2.3.3 Modelo de Calidad. 82 2.3.4 Efectuar Medición. 83 2.3.5 Informe. 83 2.3.5.1 Observaciones. 86 2.4 PROPUESTA DE LINEAMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE SOFTWARE ENFOCADO AL ENTORNO RURAL 87 2.4.1 Plan de Trabajo Propuesto. 90 2.4.1.1 Acuerdo de Compromiso y Acta Constitutiva. 90 2.4.1.2 Acuerdo de Iteraciones. 90 2.4.1.2 Prototipos según Requerimientos. 92 2.4.1.3 Implementación. 93 2.4.1.4 Cierre de Proyecto. 93 3. RESULTADOS 95 3.1 ESTADO DEL ARTE 95 3.1.1 Pertinencia. 96 3.1.2 Problema de Investigación. 97 3.1.3 Población atendida. 97 3.1.4 Metodología Abordada. 98 3.1.5 Tecnología Aplicada. 99 3.2 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN 100 3.3 IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DESCRIPCIÓN DE REQUERIMIENTOS 109 3.4 VALORACIÓN DE HERRAMIENTAS DE SOFTWARE LIBRE / CÓDIGO ABIERTO EXISTENTES 110 3.5 LINEAMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS PROPUESTOS 110 3.6 COMPROBACIÓN DE LINEAMIENTOS – DESARROLLO DE PROTOTIPO … 115 4. CONCLUSIONES 123 5. RECOMENDACIONES 129 6. REFERENCIAS 130 7. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 136MaestríaIn the field of Master in Software Libre academic program, the research project developed applies existing methodological standards related to the characterization, requirements specification and valuation of some existing applications to verify that is necessary to propose methodological guidelines for the software development pertinent to the rural education needs and its environment represented by the case study of the Educational Institution Patio Bonito of the municipality of El Espinal state of Tolima. These guidelines include aspects of educational application development and legal / business aspects related to the software lifecycle, agile development methodologies, and consumer constraints (insufficient educational and economic resources, available computer systems, and Users). Through the proposed tests it was possible to verify the need to develop characterization activities and subsequent description of requirements to offer a valid solution alternative to the need for educational materials relevant to the rural educational environment of the institution where the case study was carried out. Proof of the relevance of the proposed methodological guidelines is the development of a software prototype that demonstrate several of premises in the development of document as well as proving the need to produce tools relevant to the rural environment. In the user consultation, through the application of a satisfaction survey, and to an expert in software development of a university educational environment, through the application of a quality metric, satisfactory results could be observed in terms of compliance requirements, which demonstrates the relevance of the developed tool

Remoción del colorante AV7 presente en solución acuosa mediante carbón activado

Se investigó la remoción del colorante ácido violeta 7 mediante carbón activado en un sistema de adsorción en lote. Se estudiaron los efectos de parámetros experimentales en la capacidad de adsorción, tales como la masa del adsorbente y el pH. Las mejores condiciones experimentales para la adsorción de ácido violeta 7 fueron a pH natural del colorante (pH 6) y 100 mg de adsorbente al obtener una capacidad de adsorción de 102 mg/g. La cinética de adsorción fue descrita por el modelo de Pseudo-Segundo orden que está basado en un mecanismo de quimisorción

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

The Role of Colony Temperature in the Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms of Honey Bee Foragers

Honey bees utilize their circadian rhythms to accurately predict the time of day. This ability allows foragers to remember the specific timing of food availability and its location for several days. Previous studies have provided strong evidence toward light/dark cycles being the primary Zeitgeber for honey bees. Work in our laboratory described large individual variation in the endogenous period length of honey bee foragers from the same colony and differences in the endogenous rhythms under different constant temperatures. In this study, we further this work by examining the temperature inside the honey bee colony. By placing temperature and light data loggers at different locations inside the colony we measured temperature at various locations within the colony. We observed significant oscillations of the temperature inside the hive, that show seasonal patterns. We then simulated the observed temperature oscillations in the laboratory and found that using the temperature cycle as a Zeitgeber, foragers present large individual differences in the phase of locomotor rhythms for temperature. Moreover, foragers successfully synchronize their locomotor rhythms to these simulated temperature cycles. Advancing the cycle by six hours, resulting in changes in the phase of activity in some foragers in the assay. The results are shown in this study highlight the importance of temperature as a potential Zeitgeber in the field. Future studies will examine the possible functional and evolutionary role of the observed phase differences of circadian rhythms

Becas de Verano 2012 del Instituto Balseiro – Informes

El programa de Becas de Verano del Instituto Balseiro ofrece a estudiantes universitarios avanzados o recientemente egresados de carreras de grado en Ciencias o Ingenierías la posibilidad de realizar una pasantía durante el mes de febrero. El objetivo de la misma es familiarizarse con técnicas experimentales y colaborar en tareas de investigación en laboratorios del Centro Atómico Bariloche. Anualmente, 15 estudiantes son seleccionados y reciben ayuda económica completa. Cada participante elige un único tema de investigación entre una serie de propuestas y es guiado por un grupo de investigadores del Centro Atómico Bariloche. La pasantía finaliza con la entrega de un informe y la presentación de un póster en el que se detallan los resultados obtenidos a lo largo del mes de trabajo

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe