The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Gods concept in Christian children: anthropomorphism and the use of religious images

Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza básica, de estrutura transversal e de desenho quasi-experimental cujo objeto foi o conceito Deus em uma amostra de crianças de três confissões cristãs. Objetivou-se explorar se o uso deste conceito é consistente com a doutrina teológica por elas professas ou se se incorre em uma antropomorfização não intencional. Ainda, é explorada a relação entre o uso de imagens e adornos religiosos e distintos níveis de antropomorfização. Esses objetivos foram exploramos através da formulação e testagem de nove hipóteses. Foi constituída uma amostra de conveniência composta por noventa participantes. Essa amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos de interesse: no primeiro houve uma distribuição equitativa (n=30) quanto às confissões religiosas (Catolicismo Romano, Espiritismo Kardecista e Assembleia de Deus); três grupos quanto à idade, variando de 9 a 11 anos (M=10.31, DP=0.80); dois quanto ao gênero, sendo que quarenta e três respondentes eram do sexo masculino (47%) e; dois grupos quanto ao tipo de escola, sendo que cinquenta e três participantes pertenciam à escola particular (58%). Foram utilizados como instrumental de pesquisa uma tarefa de compreensão de narrativa, um questionário de exposição às imagens religiosas e um questionário sobre as características de Deus para testar as hipóteses aventadas. Esses instrumentos passaram por sistemática tradução e adaptação cultural, além de haver sido calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo, de maneira a averiguar sua exatidão semântica para o uso tanto no contexto brasileiro quanto para a população-alvo. Como resultado, o instrumento mostrou-se adequado para uso. Também encontramos que os participantes usuários de imagens religiosas, majoritariamente os católicos e espíritas, sustentam maiores níveis de antropomorfismo religioso em seus conceitos teológicos, conforme aferido pelo Questionário de Deus. No entanto, o grupo que apresentou maiores níveis de antropomorfismo na tarefa de compreensão de narrativa foi o evangélico. Face a este dado aparentemente contraditório, discutimos possíveis - 9 relações entre a dinâmica do mercado religioso brasileiro, contextualizando o uso da imagem religiosa, e a representação mental do conceito Deus para essa amostra. Os resultados também sugerem que, para os quatro grupos de interesse, o antropomorfismo religioso atua mais intensamente em crianças do que em adultos na a tarefa de compreensão de narrativas, em que são utilizados conceitos básicos. Quanto ao uso dos conceitos teológicos, os grupos de interesse também apresentaram uma leve rejeição ao antropomorfismo religioso. Sugere-se que para o conceito Deus existam múltiplos níveis de representação, sendo que o contexto e a tarefa influem sobre a representação a ser empregada, variando entre conceitos básicos e teológicos em um certo continuum. Ainda, face aos resultados encontrados e amparados pela visão teórica dos conceitos, apresenta-se uma possível explicação fundada na mudança conceitual sobre como os usos do conceito Deus podem mudar ao longo do desenvolvimento, de maneira a afetar toda uma rede relacional teórica-explicativaThis basic, transversal, quasi-experimental research has as object Gods concept in a children sample of different Christian beliefs. We aimed to explore if the use of this concept is coherent with their professed theology or if they unintentionally anthropomorphize this agent. Also, we explore how religious images and objects relate to distinct levels of anthropomorphization. We explored these objectives through nine hypotheses. We had a convenience sample of ninety individuals. Such sample was divided in four groups: the first one was equally distributed in three religious groups (n=30) (Roman Catholics, Assembly of God and Kardecism Spiritism); the second one divided in three groups related to age, varying from 9 to 11 (M=10.31, DP=0.80); third group divided in two related to gender, being fourty-three males (47%) and finally; the fourth group related to type of school, being fifty-three participants studying in private school (58%). We used three psychologic instruments in our research: a narrative comprehension task, a survey of exposure to religious images and a survey of characteristics of God. These instruments were translated and culturally adapted for scientific usage, we also calculated the content validity index, to be sure about its semantic validity both for the Brazilian context and for the target-population. Thus, we found that the image users, mostly Catholics and Spirits, hold greater levels of religious anthropomorphism in their theological concepts, as we can measure through the Gods Survey Questionnaire. The group that showed greater levels of anthropomorphism in the narrative comprehension task was the evangelic. On that, we present some possible relations between the dynamics of Brazilian religious market, specially related to religious image usage, and God´s mental representation related to this sample. Also, as a result, our sample suggest that, for the four groups created, religious anthropomorphism is more intense in children in a narrative comprehension task than in adults. On the theological concepts, the groups also revealed tiny rejection to religious anthropomorphism, but when analyzed all items, we could notice certain heterogeneity in the attribution of anthropomorphism for this agent, varying from a lot - 11 to little, when compared to an adult sample, whose rejection was absolute. These results suggest, in conformity with theory theory of concepts, that God´s concepts go through conceptual change throughout the human development, affecting all theoretical-explicative conceptual networ

Gods concept in Christian children: anthropomorphism and the use of religious images

Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza básica, de estrutura transversal e de desenho quasi-experimental cujo objeto foi o conceito Deus em uma amostra de crianças de três confissões cristãs. Objetivou-se explorar se o uso deste conceito é consistente com a doutrina teológica por elas professas ou se se incorre em uma antropomorfização não intencional. Ainda, é explorada a relação entre o uso de imagens e adornos religiosos e distintos níveis de antropomorfização. Esses objetivos foram exploramos através da formulação e testagem de nove hipóteses. Foi constituída uma amostra de conveniência composta por noventa participantes. Essa amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos de interesse: no primeiro houve uma distribuição equitativa (n=30) quanto às confissões religiosas (Catolicismo Romano, Espiritismo Kardecista e Assembleia de Deus); três grupos quanto à idade, variando de 9 a 11 anos (M=10.31, DP=0.80); dois quanto ao gênero, sendo que quarenta e três respondentes eram do sexo masculino (47%) e; dois grupos quanto ao tipo de escola, sendo que cinquenta e três participantes pertenciam à escola particular (58%). Foram utilizados como instrumental de pesquisa uma tarefa de compreensão de narrativa, um questionário de exposição às imagens religiosas e um questionário sobre as características de Deus para testar as hipóteses aventadas. Esses instrumentos passaram por sistemática tradução e adaptação cultural, além de haver sido calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo, de maneira a averiguar sua exatidão semântica para o uso tanto no contexto brasileiro quanto para a população-alvo. Como resultado, o instrumento mostrou-se adequado para uso. Também encontramos que os participantes usuários de imagens religiosas, majoritariamente os católicos e espíritas, sustentam maiores níveis de antropomorfismo religioso em seus conceitos teológicos, conforme aferido pelo Questionário de Deus. No entanto, o grupo que apresentou maiores níveis de antropomorfismo na tarefa de compreensão de narrativa foi o evangélico. Face a este dado aparentemente contraditório, discutimos possíveis - 9 relações entre a dinâmica do mercado religioso brasileiro, contextualizando o uso da imagem religiosa, e a representação mental do conceito Deus para essa amostra. Os resultados também sugerem que, para os quatro grupos de interesse, o antropomorfismo religioso atua mais intensamente em crianças do que em adultos na a tarefa de compreensão de narrativas, em que são utilizados conceitos básicos. Quanto ao uso dos conceitos teológicos, os grupos de interesse também apresentaram uma leve rejeição ao antropomorfismo religioso. Sugere-se que para o conceito Deus existam múltiplos níveis de representação, sendo que o contexto e a tarefa influem sobre a representação a ser empregada, variando entre conceitos básicos e teológicos em um certo continuum. Ainda, face aos resultados encontrados e amparados pela visão teórica dos conceitos, apresenta-se uma possível explicação fundada na mudança conceitual sobre como os usos do conceito Deus podem mudar ao longo do desenvolvimento, de maneira a afetar toda uma rede relacional teórica-explicativaThis basic, transversal, quasi-experimental research has as object Gods concept in a children sample of different Christian beliefs. We aimed to explore if the use of this concept is coherent with their professed theology or if they unintentionally anthropomorphize this agent. Also, we explore how religious images and objects relate to distinct levels of anthropomorphization. We explored these objectives through nine hypotheses. We had a convenience sample of ninety individuals. Such sample was divided in four groups: the first one was equally distributed in three religious groups (n=30) (Roman Catholics, Assembly of God and Kardecism Spiritism); the second one divided in three groups related to age, varying from 9 to 11 (M=10.31, DP=0.80); third group divided in two related to gender, being fourty-three males (47%) and finally; the fourth group related to type of school, being fifty-three participants studying in private school (58%). We used three psychologic instruments in our research: a narrative comprehension task, a survey of exposure to religious images and a survey of characteristics of God. These instruments were translated and culturally adapted for scientific usage, we also calculated the content validity index, to be sure about its semantic validity both for the Brazilian context and for the target-population. Thus, we found that the image users, mostly Catholics and Spirits, hold greater levels of religious anthropomorphism in their theological concepts, as we can measure through the Gods Survey Questionnaire. The group that showed greater levels of anthropomorphism in the narrative comprehension task was the evangelic. On that, we present some possible relations between the dynamics of Brazilian religious market, specially related to religious image usage, and God´s mental representation related to this sample. Also, as a result, our sample suggest that, for the four groups created, religious anthropomorphism is more intense in children in a narrative comprehension task than in adults. On the theological concepts, the groups also revealed tiny rejection to religious anthropomorphism, but when analyzed all items, we could notice certain heterogeneity in the attribution of anthropomorphism for this agent, varying from a lot - 11 to little, when compared to an adult sample, whose rejection was absolute. These results suggest, in conformity with theory theory of concepts, that God´s concepts go through conceptual change throughout the human development, affecting all theoretical-explicative conceptual networ

Pain measurement as part of primary healthcare of adult patients with sickle cell disease

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory, cross-sectional study was to evaluate pain in sickle cell disease patients and aspects related to primary healthcare. METHODS: Data were obtained through home interviews. The assessment instruments (body diagram, Numerical Pain Scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire) collected information on the underlying disease and on pain. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program for Windows. Associations between the subgroups of sickle cell disease patients (hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SC, sickle &#946;-thalassemia and others) and pain were analyzed using contingency tables and non-parametric tests of association (classic chi-square, Fisher's and Kruskal-Wallis) with a level of 5% (p-value < 0.05) being set for the rejection of the null hypothesis. RESULTS: Forty-seven over 18-year-old patients with sickle cell disease were evaluated. Most were black (78.7%) and female (59.6%) and the mean age was 30.1 years. The average number of bouts of pain annually was 7.02; pain was predominantly reported by individuals with sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin SS). The intensity of pain (Numeric Pain Scale) was 5.5 and the quantitative index (McGill) was 35.9. This study also shows that patients presented a high frequency of moderately painful crises in their own homes. CONCLUSION: According to these facts, it is essential that pain related to sickle cell disease is properly identified, quantified, characterized and treated at the three levels of healthcare. In primary healthcare, accurate measurement of pain combined with better care may decrease acute painful episodes and consequently minimize tissue damage, thus improving the patient's overall health