Review on Utpatti of Shukra Dhatu as per Ayurveda

Shukra Dhatu is present throughout the body, but according to Sushruta, it is most prominent at the Bladder opening. Moola-Sthana (origin) of Shukravaha Srotasa (system related with reproductive tissue) has Been attributed to Vrishana (testis), Shepha (penis), Stana (breast), and Majja (bone marrow). Shukradhara Kala is a vital structure that spans the entire body. Shukra Pramaana is Ardha Anjali (1/2 handful), whereas typical semen volume is 2 ml according to WHO standards. Dhairya (sexual potency), Chyavanam (timely ejaculation), Preeti (love for partner), Dehabalam (physical strength), Harshana (sexual desire), and Beejaratha (to fulfil the purpose of Beeja, i.e., procreation) are considered to be the functions of the Shukra. When Shukra, which is prevalent throughout the body, is triggered by Harsha, Darshana, Smarana, hearing the voice, Sparshana, or performing sexual activities, Shukra travels to the testis and ejaculates it. Spermatogenesis is a highly structured, complicated series of mitotic and meiotic differentiation Processes that result in genetically differentiated male gametes for fertilisation with the female ovum. It aids in the propagation of a species and adds to genetic diversity on a larger scale. Spermatogenesis is the process of turning spermatogonial germ cells into spermatids through cell proliferation and remodelling. Several Inherent and external variables influence the process. Spermatozoa are discharged into the Epididymis via the seminiferous tubules, where they undergo post-testicular maturation and storage. At the time of ejaculation, the ejaculate, or semen, is freshly generated. Ejaculation usually follows a predictable Pattern

Online Prediction Mechanism For Personalizing A Query For User Privacy

We propose a customized web look (PWS) framework called UPS that can adaptively entirety up profiles by request while with respect to customer demonstrated assurance requirements. Our runtime hypothesis goes for striking a concordance between two farsighted estimations that evaluate the utility of personalization and the security threat of revealing the summed up profile. We indicate o avaricious calculations, to be particular GreedyDP and GreedyIL, for runtime theory. We furthermore give an online gauge framework to picking in the case of modifying a request is profitable. Expansive examinations demonstrate the reasonability of our framework

Finite Element Solution of Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Flow of a Viscous Fluid past a Vertical Plate under Oscillatory Suction Velocity

The study of hydromagnetic heat and mass transfer in MHD flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, viscous fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate along with porous medium of time dependent permeability under oscillatory suction velocity normal to the plate has been made. It is considered that the influence of the uniform magnetic field acts normal to the flow and the permeability of the porous medium fluctuate with the time. The problem is solved, numerically by Galerkin finite element method for velocity, temperature, concentration field and the expressions for skin – friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also obtained. The results obtained are discussed for Grashof number (Gr > 0) corresponding to the cooling of the plate and (Gr < 0) corresponding to the heating of the plate with the help of graphs and tables to observe the effects of various parameters

Finite Element Solution of MHD Transient Flow past an Impulsively Started Infinite Horizontal Porous Plate in a Rotating Fluid with Hall Current

The problem of a transient three dimensional MHD flow of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible rotating fluid past an impulsively started infinite horizontal porous plate taking into account the Hall current is presented. It is assumed that the fluid rotates with a constant angular velocity about the normal to the plate and a uniform magnetic field applied along the normal to the plate and directed into the fluid region. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be so small that the induced magnetic field can be neglected. The non-dimensional equations governing the flow are solved by Galerkin finite element method. The expressions for the primary and secondary velocity fields are obtained in non-dimensional form. The effects of the physical parameters like M (Hartmann number), Ω (Rotation parameter) and m (Hall parameter) on these fields are discussed through graphs and results are physically interpreted

Synthesis and Characterization of Er Doped CaZrO3 Phosphors

The present paper reports the synthesis and Photoluminescence (PL) studies of the Er rare earth ions doped in CaZrO3 phosphor at a concentration of 2 mol%. Starting materials like Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Zirconium oxide(ZrO2),Erbium Oxide (Er2O3). The samples were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method, which is the most suitable for large-scale product ion. The received phosphor samples were characterized using XRD, SEM and PL techniques. Undoped CaZrO3 exhibits good photoluminescence emission. The PL emission mainly concentrates around 467 nm, when excited with 254 nm wavelengths. The CaZrO3 phosphor, when doped with Er the PL emission was observed from 400 to 560 nm range peaks around 527 ,531,545 and 553nm with high intensity. The present phosphor can act as host for greenlight emission in compact fluorescent (CFL) and fluorescent lamps

Assessing unrealized yield potential of maize producing districts in India

The projected demand of maize production in India in 2050 is 4–5 times of current production. With the scope for area expansion being limited, there is need for enhancement of yield. This calls for identifying areas where huge unrealized yield potential exists. With a view to address the issue, the present study delineates homogeneous agro-climatic zones for maize production system in India taking district as a unit and using the factors production, viz. climate, soil, season and irrigated area under the crop. There are 146 districts in India that grow maize as a major crop. They were divided into 26 zones using multivariate cluster analysis. Study of variation in yield between districts within a zone vis-à-vis crop management practices adopted in those districts was found useful in targeting the yield gaps. These findings can have direct relevance to the maize farmers and district level administrators

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations