Thrust tectonics, crustal thickening, hydrocarbon and ore deposits in northern Central Andes

Thanks to numerous studies realized in cooperation with Peruvian institutions, we propose for the first time in the northern Peruvian Andes a crustal-scale balanced cross-section through the entire orogen to better understand structural architecture, crustal thickening and hydrocarbon-ore deposits genesis. Abundant industrial seismic data provided by Perupetro S.A. allowed to properly constrain the geometry of the forearc and retro-foreland basins (Calderon et al., 2017; Prudhomme et al., in press). Deep crustal structures and Moho geometries are constrained by a recent teleseismic receiver function study (Condori et al., 2017). The restoration, calibrated from new geochronological data and basins analysis, highlight an intermediate stage between the Incaic (late Cretaceous-early Eocene) and Andean (Neogene) orogenies corresponding to a phase of tectonic relaxation and extension. Shortening budgets established from surface and sub-surface data in the upper crust, and from crustal thickening in the middle-lower crust, make it possible to discriminate between the importance and role of each orogeny in the mountain building. The present stage of the balanced cross-section highlights a double-verging orogen, which could result from a total amount of shortening of 180 km fairly distributed between the Incaic and Andean orogenies. Important hydrocarbon and ore deposits located along the balanced cross-section are related to the geodynamic evolution of the successive Incaic and Andean thrust systems. In the forearc (Tumbes-Salaverry) and retro-foreland (Huallaga-Marañon) basins, 2D petroleum modellings have been done using sequential restorations in order to better target exploration. In the Western and Eastern cordilleras and the Subandean zone, significant ore deposits (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag…) are concentrated in sedimentary reservoirs of Incaic and/or Andean thrust anticlines. We explore and develop an innovative hypothesis, i.e., that there are strong interactions between mineralizing fluids (of both magmatic and sedimentary origin) and petroleum systems (oil shales and reservoirs). Indeed, both ore and oil types of deposits can be found in the same basins, with similar fluid migration and storage processes in sedimentary reservoirs

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Nouveau modèle tectono-climatiquedes Andes Centrales du Nord (5-9°S)

Using a multidisciplinary approach, this thesis proposes a new double-verging orogen model for the Northern Central Andes, which can explain the crustal thickening and the current topography interacting with a complex climate. A new structural and stratigraphic synthesis across the forearc and the Western Cordillera revealed the presence of a major western vergence thrust. For the first time, the construction of a balanced cross-section through the whole Northern Central Andes, combined with thermochronological data, illustrates a double verging orogenic model propagating synchronously since ~30 Ma, with a total shortening of 158 km. Numerical modeling of the tectono-climatic evolution of the Andean orogeny shows the acceleration of the aridification in its western flank at ~ 15 Ma and during the Pliocene, as well as the late uplift and the formation of an equivalent of the Altiplano, which would have been incised and emptied recently by the Marañón River.Cette thèse, par une approche multidisciplinaire, propose un nouveau modèle d'orogène à double vergence pour les Andes Centrales du Nord, expliquant l'épaississement crustal et la topographie actuelle. Une nouvelle synthèse structurale et stratigraphique à travers l'avant-arc et la Cordillère Occidentale a permis de révéler la présence d'un chevauchement majeur à vergence Ouest. Pour la première fois, la construction d'une coupe équilibrée traversant toutes les Andes Centrales du Nord, combinée à des données thermochronologiques, illustre un modèle orogénique à double vergence se propageant de façon synchrone depuis ~30 Ma avec un raccourcissement total de 158 km. Une modélisation numérique de l'évolution tectono-climatique de l'orogénèse nous montre le contrôle tectonique sur le climat régional des Andes avec l'accélération de l'aridification du versant Ouest à ~15 Ma et au Pliocène, ainsi que le soulèvement tardif et la formation d'un équivalent de l'Altiplano, qui aurait été incisé et vidangé récemment par la rivière du Marañón. Mots-clés : Orogène à double vergence-Raccourcissement néogène-Andes Centrales du Nord-Escarpement Ouest Andin-Interactions tectono-climatique

New tectono-climatic model of the northern Central Andes (5-9°S)

Cette thèse, par une approche multidisciplinaire, propose un nouveau modèle d'orogène à double vergence pour les Andes Centrales du Nord, expliquant l'épaississement crustal et la topographie actuelle. Une nouvelle synthèse structurale et stratigraphique à travers l'avant-arc et la Cordillère Occidentale a permis de révéler la présence d'un chevauchement majeur à vergence Ouest. Pour la première fois, la construction d'une coupe équilibrée traversant toutes les Andes Centrales du Nord, combinée à des données thermochronologiques, illustre un modèle orogénique à double vergence se propageant de façon synchrone depuis ~30 Ma avec un raccourcissement total de 158 km. Une modélisation numérique de l'évolution tectono-climatique de l'orogénèse nous montre le contrôle tectonique sur le climat régional des Andes avec l'accélération de l'aridification du versant Ouest à ~15 Ma et au Pliocène, ainsi que le soulèvement tardif et la formation d'un équivalent de l'Altiplano, qui aurait été incisé et vidangé récemment par la rivière du Marañón.Using a multidisciplinary approach, this thesis proposes a new double-verging orogen model for the Northern Central Andes, which can explain the crustal thickening and the current topography interacting with a complex climate. A new structural and stratigraphic synthesis across the forearc and the Western Cordillera revealed the presence of a major western vergence thrust. For the first time, the construction of a balanced cross-section through the whole Northern Central Andes, combined with thermochronological data, illustrates a double verging orogenic model propagating synchronously since ~30 Ma, with a total shortening of 158 km. Numerical modeling of the tectono-climatic evolution of the Andean orogeny shows the acceleration of the aridification in its western flank at ~ 15 Ma and during the Pliocene, as well as the late uplift and the formation of an equivalent of the Altiplano, which would have been incised and emptied recently by the Marañón River

Wal-Mart innovation and productivity: a viewpoint

Technology effects, business process development, and productivity growth are considered in the context of a single company: Wal-Mart. The starting point is the 2001 McKinsey Global Institute report, which finds that over 1995-2000, a quarter of U.S. productivity growth is attributable to the retail industry, and almost a sixth of that is attributable to Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is interesting as well because of its rapid growth in Canada. This is now Canada's largest private sector employer. We also consider other evidence relevant to public policy formation concerning Wal-Mart and conclude with a discussion of options for partially filling important data gaps.

HIV Prevalence and Antenatal Care Attendance among Pregnant Women in a Large Home-Based HIV Counseling and Testing Program in Western Kenya.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the uptake of and factors associated with HIV prevalence among pregnant women in a large-scale home-based HIV counseling and testing (HBCT) program in western Kenya. METHODS:In 2007, the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Program (AMPATH) initiated HBCT to all individuals aged ≥13 years and high-risk children <13 years. Included in this analysis were females aged 13-50 years, from 6 catchment areas (11/08-01/12). We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to describe factors associated with HIV prevalence. RESULTS:There were 119,678 women eligible for analysis; median age 25 (interquartile range, IQR: 18-34) years. Of these, 7,396 (6.2%) were pregnant at the time of HBCT; 4,599 (62%) had ever previously tested for HIV and 2,995 (40.5%) had not yet attended ANC for their current pregnancy. Testing uptake among pregnant women was high (97%). HBCT newly identified 241 (3.3%) pregnant HIV-positive women and overall HIV prevalence among all pregnant women was 6.9%. HIV prevalence among those who had attended ANC in this pregnancy was 5.4% compared to 9.0% among those who had not. Pregnant women were more likely to newly test HIV-positive in HBCT if they had not attended ANC in the current pregnancy (AOR: 6.85, 95% CI: 4.49-10.44). CONCLUSIONS:Pregnant women who had never attended ANC were about 6 times more likely to newly test HIV-positive compared to those who had attended ANC, suggesting that the cascade of services for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission should optimally begin at the home and village level if elimination of perinatal HIV transmission is to be achieved

Récits d’exilés

Sources de premier ordre pour la connaissance des migrations, les récits de l’exil n’en forment pas moins un matériau disparate, inégalement accessible, délicat à identifier et à circonscrire. Le présent dossier s'interroge sur la possibilité même de les traiter comme un corpus spécifique, délivrant un noyau de sens par-delà la diversité des trajets individuels, des contextes politiques, des projets poursuivis, des genres investis, des constructions narratives et des supports mobilisés

Factors associated with testing uptake among pregnant women.

<p>Factors associated with testing uptake among pregnant women.</p