Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers' Brief

In December 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP) filed a petition for a common law writ of habeas corpus in the New York State Supreme Court on behalf of Tommy, a chimpanzee living alone in a cage in a shed in rural New York (Barlow, 2017). Under animal welfare laws, Tommy’s owners, the Laverys, were doing nothing illegal by keeping him in those conditions. Nonetheless, the NhRP argued that given the cognitive, social, and emotional capacities of chimpanzees, Tommy’s confinement constituted a profound wrong that demanded remedy by the courts. Soon thereafter, the NhRP filed habeas corpus petitions on behalf of Kiko, another chimpanzee housed alone in Niagara Falls, and Hercules and Leo, two chimpanzees held in research facilities at Stony Brook University. Thus began the legal struggle to move these chimpanzees from captivity to a sanctuary, an effort that has led the NhRP to argue in multiple courts before multiple judges. The central point of contention has been whether Tommy, Kiko, Hercules, and Leo have legal rights. To date, no judge has been willing to issue a writ of habeas corpus on their behalf. Such a ruling would mean that these chimpanzees have rights that confinement might violate. Instead, the judges have argued that chimpanzees cannot be bearers of legal rights because they are not, and cannot be persons. In this book we argue that chimpanzees are persons because they are autonomous

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

The Philosophers' Brief on Chimpanzee Personhood

In this brief, we argue that there is a diversity of ways in which humans (Homo sapiens) are ‘persons’ and there are no non-arbitrary conceptions of ‘personhood’ that can include all humans and exclude all nonhuman animals. To do so we describe and assess the four most prominent conceptions of ‘personhood’ that can be found in the rulings concerning Kiko and Tommy, with particular focus on the most recent decision, Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc v Lavery

External validation of the INCREMENT-CPE mortality score in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia cohort: the prognostic significance of colistin resistance

External validation of the INCREMENT-CPE risk score (ICS) for 30-day all-cause mortality is needed. There is also scarce information about whether colistin resistance influences the prognosis of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) bacteraemia. In this study, the ability of ICS to predict all-cause mortality in the KAPECOR cohort was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. The association of colistin resistance with mortality was studied. The ICS showed an AUROC curve of 0.77 (95% CI 0.68-0.86). A cut-off of 8 points showed 96.8% sensitivity and 50.7% specificity. Mortality of low-risk patients was not different in those treated with monotherapy versus combination therapy. However, mortality of high-risk patients treated with combination therapy (37.8%) was significantly lower than in those treated with monotherapy (68.4%) (P = 0.008). To study the prognostic significance of colistin resistance, 83 selected cases of bacteraemia due to colistin-susceptible CRKp were obtained from the INCREMENT cohort for comparison. Colistin resistance could not be shown to be associated with higher mortality in either the high-risk ICS group [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.56, 95% CI 0.69-3.33; P = 0.29] or in 37 ICS-matched pairs (aOR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.55-3.42; P = 0.49), or in a sensitivity analysis including only KPC isolates (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI 0.73-4.57; P = 0.20), but the precision of estimates was low. These results validate ICS for all-cause mortality and to optimise targeted therapy for CRKp bacteraemia. Colistin resistance was not clearly associated with increased mortality. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

676sinoneBackground: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19·8 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6·6 and 2·4 per cent respectively before, but 23·7 and 5·3 per cent, during the pandemic (both P &lt; 0·001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2.noneIelpo B.; Podda M.; Pellino G.; Pata F.; Caruso R.; Gravante G.; Di Saverio S.; Ielpo B.; Podda M.; Pellino G.; Pata F.; Caruso R.; Gravante G.; Di Saverio S.; Gallo G.; Lui R.; Orengia A.; Chowdary A.; Kulkarni A.; Kuvvetli A.; Navarro A.; Pisanu A.; Smith A.; Ibiricu A.C.; Nacion A.J.D.; Alsaleh A.; Alhazmi A.; Elmabri A.; Wani A.; Rencuzogullari A.; Lasarte A.S.; Rubio A.V.; Bavikatte A.; Kumar A.; Jamiri A.-R.; Padilla A.M.A.; Cacurri A.; de San Ildefonso A.; Porcu A.; Sartori A.; Rocca A.; Yanez A.P.; Becaria A.; Solis-Pena A.; Sretenovic A.; Urbistondo A.; Bandin A.; Najar A.; De Luca A.; Boddy A.; Charalabopoulos A.; Tzivanakis A.; Amendola A.; de Velasco A.R.-G.; Yildirim A.C.; Frontali A.; Toure A.O.; Garcia-Granero A.; Roldan A.M.; Larrainzar A.S.; Ratnayake A.S.; Gonzalez-Ganso A.M.; Minaya-Bravo A.M.; Das A.; Bondurri A.; Costanzi A.; Lucchi A.; Mazzari A.; Musig A.; Peloso A.; Piano A.; Police A.; Mihailescu A.; Pouy A.; Romano A.; Iossa A.; Leonetti A.C.; Guariniello A.; Isaac A.; Bovi A.P.D.; Chessa A.; Tromba A.; Martinez A.A.; Brillantino A.; Caira A.; Castaldi A.; Ferronetti A.; Giuliani A.; Prestera A.; la Medina A.R.-D.; Tarasconi A.; Tornambe A.; Picciariello A.; Ioannidis A.; Leppaniemi A.; Khan A.; Rashid A.; Perez-Sanchez A.L.E.; Mittal A.; Mitul A.R.; Mehraj A.; Laharwal A.; Dorisme A.; Marinis A.; Iqbal A.; Moncada A.; Braccio B.; Alkhafaji B.; de Andres Asenjo B.; Martin-Perez B.; Perez B.S.; Creavin B.; Cali B.; Cali B.; Pascotto B.; Stubbs B.; Retes B.Z.; Jovanovic B.; Goh B.K.P.; Sensi B.; Biddau C.; Gazia C.; Vallicelli C.; Fagundes C.A.; Santacruz C.C.; Chirico C.; Diaz C.J.G.; Petrola C.; Rodriguez C.S.; Benitez C.Y.; Dammaro C.; Faro C.L.; Reinke C.; Paez C.D.; Oliva C.; Paranjape C.; Thomas C.; Chia C.F.; Kong C.K.; De Lucia C.; Chao C.O.; Arcudi C.; Guerci C.; Chia C.; Parise C.; Folliero C.; Varela C.; Ferguson D.M.; Camacho D.; Popowich D.; Lima D.S.; Rega D.; Delogu D.; Zigiotto D.; Vinci D.; D'Antonio D.; Parini D.; Merlini D.A.; Zimmerman D.D.E.; Moro-Valdezate D.; Pertile D.; Giusti D.M.; Keller D.S.; Tarik D.; Kalivaci D.; Mazingi D.; Maldonado-Pintado D.G.; Sasia D.; Linardoutsos D.; Osilli D.; Murrone D.; Russello D.; Rodas E.; Roa E.A.A.; Ricciardi E.; Rosso E.; Saladino E.; Flores-Villalba E.; Ajs E.R.; Smith-Singares E.; Baili E.; Kouroumpas E.; Bourmpouteli E.; Douka E.; Martin-Perez E.; Guaitoli E.; Samadov E.; Francone E.; Vaterlini E.; Morales E.; Pena E.; Zhao E.; Andres E.D.P.; Benzoni E.; Erdas E.; Pinotti E.; Colas-Ruiz E.; Aytac E.; Laterza E.; Agastra E.; Foianini E.; Moscoso E.; Laviano E.; Marra E.; Cardamone E.; Licardie E.; Mpaili E.; Pinna E.; Varo E.; Navarro F.M.; Marino F.; Medas F.; Romano F.; Maraska F.; Saliu F.; Madrid F.; Rosa F.; Mastella F.; Gheza F.; Luvisetto F.; Alconchel F.; Vieira F.M.; Pareja F.; Agresta F.; Luna F.; Bonilla F.; Cordera F.; Burdio F.; Mendoza-Moreno F.; Flores F.M.; Aranda F.P.; Taylor F.; Ramos F.L.; Fernandes F.; Tropeano F.P.; Balestra F.; Bianco F.; Ceci F.; Colombo F.; Di Marzo F.; Ferrara F.; Lancellotti F.; Lazzarin F.; Litta F.; Martini F.; Pizza F.; Roscio F.; Virdis F.; Antona F.B.; Ramirez F.C.; Fernandez F.M.; Llinares F.O.; Quezada F.; Schlottmann F.; Quezada F.; Herrera-Almario G.; Massaferro G.; Bislenghi G.; van Ramshorst G.; Gallo G.; Luglio G.; Bointas G.; Kampouroglou G.; Papadopoulos G.; Manrique G.A.; Calini G.; Nastri G.; Formisano G.; Galiffa G.; Palini G.M.; Colucci G.; Pagano G.; Pellino G.; Vanni G.; Pattacini G.C.; Gravante G.; De Paola G.; Lisi G.; Partida G.; Bellanova G.; De Nobili G.; Necchi G.S.; Sinibaldi G.; Tebala G.; Bagaglini G.; Izzo G.; Argenio G.; Brisinda G.; Candilio G.; Di Grezia G.; Esposito G.; Faillace G.; Frazzetta G.; La Gumina G.; Nigri G.; Romeo G.; Amatriain G.C.; Ortega G.; Martin-Martin G.; Stavrou G.A.; Gunadi; Ugon G.A.; Machain G.; Marcucci G.; Martinez-Mier G.; Machain G.M.; Nari G.; Calvo H.; Fathy H.; Hamilto; Ahmed H.; Faraj H.; Nava H.; Macias H.O.; Nikaj H.; Solano H.; Khan H.A.; Alarcon H.S.; Ebied H.; Giani I.; Ateca I.V.; Neri I.; Roman I.A.S.; Fidoshev I.; Rodriguez I.M.; Negoi I.; Ortega I.; Bernescu I.; Russo I.S.; Rodriguez I.V.; Palomares I.; Baltazar I.; Torrejimeno I.J.; Jurado I.M.C.; Reccia I.; Hussain I.; Toledo I.B.; Mora-Guzman I.; Dogaru I.; Romic I.; Balciscueta I.; Kenington J.C.; Sagolsem J.; Jang J.Y.; Olivier J.; Lammel-Lindemann J.; Dziakova J.; Villavicencio J.I.R.; Salinas J.; Parreira J.P.J.G.; Jovanovic; Perez J.R.; Reyes J.A.S.; Luque J.A.M.; Mak J.; Rodriguez J.S.; Kok J.H.H.; Krook J.; Diaz-Elizondo J.A.; Castell J.; Garcia-Flores J.E.; Navalon J.M.J.; Rodrigues J.M.S.; Pereira J.; Gomez J.T.C.; Luque J.B.; del Olmo J.C.M.; Salamea J.C.; Olivier J.F.C.; Laina J.L.B.; Ordonez J.M.; Gutierrez J.; Abba J.; Sofi J.A.; Sherafgan K.; Sahnan K.; Yanaga K.; Beatson K.; Asim L.; Alvarez L.; Siragusa L.; Farber L.; Ong L.; Athanasios L.; Garcia-Bruna L.; De Martino L.; Ferrario L.; Giordano L.; Gordini L.; Pio L.; Ponchietti L.; Moletta L.; Curella L.; Poggi L.; Taglietti L.; Bonavina L.; Conti L.; Goffredi L.; Ruiz L.A.G.; Barrionuevo L.; Fregoso L.E.; Cabrera L.F.; Rodriguez L.G.; Grande L.; Osoria L.G.; Gonzalez L.J.K.; Sanchez-Guillen L.; Tallon-Aguilar L.; Tresierra L.; Giavarini L.; Hasabelnabi M.; Odovic M.; Uemura M.; Khan M.; Artiles-Armas M.; David M.; Di Martino M.; Spampinato M.G.; Ribeiro M.A.F.; Viola M.; Angrisani M.; Calussi M.; Cannistra M.; Catarci M.; Cereda M.; Conte M.; Giordano M.; Pellicciaro M.; Marino M.V.; Vaterlini M.E.; Jimenez M.F.; Lolli M.G.; Bellini M.I.; Lemma M.; Chiarello M.M.; Nicola M.; Arrigo M.; Mejia M.C.; Manrique M.M.; Rodriguez-Lopez M.; Serradilla-Martin M.; Lara M.Z.; Martinez M.; Bagnall M.; Peter M.; Lara M.C.; Gomez M.J.; Paniagua-Garcia-Senorans M.; Gonzalez M.P.; Rutegard M.; Salo M.; Franceschilli M.; Silveri M.; Veroux M.; Pezzulo M.; Nardi M.; Rottoli M.; Tolonen M.; Ciro M.P.; Zuluagua M.; Cannavo M.; Cervellera M.; Iacobone M.; Montuori M.; Podda M.; Dominguez M.G.; Bingol-Kologlu M.; Tahir M.; Lim M.; Wilson M.S.; Wilson M.; Campanelli M.; Bisaccia M.; De Rosa M.; Maruccia M.; Paterno M.; Pisano M.; Torre M.; Trevino M.; Zuolo M.; Hernandez Bartolome M.A.; Farina M.; Pera M.; Calvo M.P.; Sotelo M.; Thway M.M.; Hassan M.; Hassan M.S.E.; Azfar M.; Bouhuwaish M.; Taha M.; Zaieem M.; Korkoman M.; Guraieb M.; Shalaby M.; Raza M.A.; Younis M.U.; Elhadi M.; Ali M.Z.; Quazi N.; Dudi-Venkata N.N.; Alselaim N.; Loria N.; Ramirez N.V.; Than N.W.; Smart N.; Trelles N.; Pinto N.; Allievi N.; Petrucciani N.; Antonacci N.; Cillara N.; Gica N.; Cristiana N.D.; Krystek N.; Falco N.; Pecorelli N.; Tamini N.; Dallas N.A.; Machairas N.; Brito N.; Fieturi N.A.; Ortega N.; Mercado O.A.; Irkorucu O.; Alsherif O.; Valles O.; Ioannidis O.; Palmas O.H.; Palmas O.I.H.; Guadarrama O.S.; Bozbiyik O.; Omelanczuk P.; Ottolino P.; Rodrigues P.; Ruiz P.; Campenni P.; Chiarade P.; Olivares P.P.; Baroffio P.; Panaccio P.; Wintringer P.; Di Fronzo P.; Talento P.; Favoriti P.; Sendino P.; Marsanic P.; Mifsut P.; Andrade P.; Ajawin P.; Abadia-Barno P.; Castaneda P.A.N.; Arevalos P.O.S.; Bellver P.P.; Koh P.S.; Souza P.; Major P.; Bali R.S.; Khattar R.M.; Melo R.B.; Ebrahiminia R.; Azar R.; Murga R.L.; Caruso R.; Pirolo R.; Brady R.; Davies R.J.; Dholakia R.; Rattan R.; Singhal R.; Lim R.; Angelico R.; Isernia R.M.; Tutino R.; Faccincani R.; Peltrini R.; Carrera-Ceron R.; Tejos R.; Kashyap R.; Fajardo R.; Lozito R.; Pareja R.M.; Garbarino S.; Di Saverio S.; Morales-Conde S.; Benli S.; Mansour S.; Flores S.; Suarez S.L.; Ben S.L.; Fuentes S.; Napetti S.; de Guzman S.O.; Awad S.; Weckmann Lujan S.A.; Gentilli S.; Grimaldi S.; Pizarro S.O.; Tayar S.; Nabi S.; Chan S.M.; Junaid S.; Rojas S.; Monetti S.; Garcia S.; Salvans S.; Tenconi S.; Shaw S.; Santoni S.; Parra S.A.; Cardenas S.; Perez-Bertolez S.; Chiappetta S.; Dessureault S.; Delis S.; Bonapasta S.A.; Rausei S.; Scaringi S.; Keswani S.; Ali S.M.; Cetinkunar S.; Fung T.L.D.; Rawashdeh T.; Lopez T.N.; De Campos T.; Duque T.C.; Perra T.; Liakakos T.; Daskalakis T.; Liakakos T.; Barnes T.; Koeter T.; Zalla T.; Gonzalez T.E.; Elosua T.; Campagnaro T.; Brown T.; Luoto T.; Oumar T.A.; Giustizieri U.; Grossi U.; Bracale U.; Rivas U.; Sosa V.; Testa V.; Andriola V.; Tonini V.; Balassone V.; Celentano V.; Progno V.; Raju V.; Carroni V.; Cavallaro V.; Katta V.R.; De Simone V.; Romaguera V.P.; Orozco V.H.G.; Luraschi V.; Rachkov V.; Turrado-L V.; Visag-Castillo V.; Dowling V.; Graham V.; Papagni V.; Vigorita V.; Fonseca V.C.; Carneros V.J.; Bellato V.; Goncalves W.; Powers W.F.; Grigg W.; Bechstein W.O.; Lim Y.B.; Altinel Y.; Golubovic Z.; Balciscueta Z.Ielpo, B.; Podda, M.; Pellino, G.; Pata, F.; Caruso, R.; Gravante, G.; Di Saverio, S.; Ielpo, B.; Podda, M.; Pellino, G.; Pata, F.; Caruso, R.; Gravante, G.; Di Saverio, S.; Gallo, G.; Lui, R.; Orengia, A.; Chowdary, A.; Kulkarni, A.; Kuvvetli, A.; Navarro, A.; Pisanu, A.; Smith, A.; Ibiricu, A. C.; Nacion, A. J. D.; Alsaleh, A.; Alhazmi, A.; Elmabri, A.; Wani, A.; Rencuzogullari, A.; Lasarte, A. S.; Rubio, A. V.; Bavikatte, A.; Kumar, A.; Jamiri, A. -R.; Padilla, A. M. A.; Cacurri, A.; de San Ildefonso, A.; Porcu, A.; Sartori, A.; Rocca, A.; Yanez, A. P.; Becaria, A.; Solis-Pena, A.; Sretenovic, A.; Urbistondo, A.; Bandin, A.; Najar, A.; De Luca, A.; Boddy, A.; Charalabopoulos, A.; Tzivanakis, A.; Amendola, A.; de Velasco, A. R. -G.; Yildirim, A. C.; Frontali, A.; Toure, A. O.; Garcia-Granero, A.; Roldan, A. M.; Larrainzar, A. S.; Ratnayake, A. S.; Gonzalez-Ganso, A. M.; Minaya-Bravo, A. M.; Das, A.; Bondurri, A.; Costanzi, A.; Lucchi, A.; Mazzari, A.; Musig, A.; Peloso, A.; Piano, A.; Police, A.; Mihailescu, A.; Pouy, A.; Romano, A.; Iossa, A.; Leonetti, A. C.; Guariniello, A.; Isaac, A.; Bovi, A. P. D.; Chessa, A.; Tromba, A.; Martinez, A. A.; Brillantino, A.; Caira, A.; Castaldi, A.; Ferronetti, A.; Giuliani, A.; Prestera, A.; la Medina, A. R. -D.; Tarasconi, A.; Tornambe, A.; Picciariello, A.; Ioannidis, A.; Leppaniemi, A.; Khan, A.; Rashid, A.; Perez-Sanchez, A. L. E.; Mittal, A.; Mitul, A. R.; Mehraj, A.; Laharwal, A.; Dorisme, A.; Marinis, A.; Iqbal, A.; Moncada, A.; Braccio, B.; Alkhafaji, B.; de Andres Asenjo, B.; Martin-Perez, B.; Perez, B. S.; Creavin, B.; Cali, B.; Cali, B.; Pascotto, B.; Stubbs, B.; Retes, B. Z.; Jovanovic, B.; Goh, B. K. P.; Sensi, B.; Biddau, C.; Gazia, C.; Vallicelli, C.; Fagundes, C. A.; Santacruz, C. C.; Chirico, C.; Diaz, C. J. G.; Petrola, C.; Rodriguez, C. S.; Benitez, C. Y.; Dammaro, C.; Faro, C. L.; Reinke, C.; Paez, C. D.; Oliva, C.; Paranjape, C.; Thomas, C.; Chia, C. F.; Kong, C. K.; De Lucia, C.; Chao, C. O.; Arcudi, C.; Guerci, C.; Chia, C.; Parise, C.; Folliero, C.; Varela, C.; Ferguson, D. M.; Camacho, D.; Popowich, D.; Lima, D. S.; Rega, D.; Delogu, D.; Zigiotto, D.; Vinci, D.; D'Antonio, D.; Parini, D.; Merlini, D. A.; Zimmerman, D. D. E.; Moro-Valdezate, D.; Pertile, D.; Giusti, D. M.; Keller, D. S.; Tarik, D.; Kalivaci, D.; Mazingi, D.; Maldonado-Pintado, D. G.; Sasia, D.; Linardoutsos, D.; Osilli, D.; Murrone, D.; Russello, D.; Rodas, E.; Roa, E. A. A.; Ricciardi, E.; Rosso, E.; Saladino, E.; Flores-Villalba, E.; Ajs, E. R.; Smith-Singares, E.; Baili, E.; Kouroumpas, E.; Bourmpouteli, E.; Douka, E.; Martin-Perez, E.; Guaitoli, E.; Samadov, E.; Francone, E.; Vaterlini, E.; Morales, E.; Pena, E.; Zhao, E.; Andres, E. D. P.; Benzoni, E.; Erdas, E.; Pinotti, E.; Colas-Ruiz, E.; Aytac, E.; Laterza, E.; Agastra, E.; Foianini, E.; Moscoso, E.; Laviano, E.; Marra, E.; Cardamone, E.; Licardie, E.; Mpaili, E.; Pinna, E.; Varo, E.; Navarro, F. M.; Marino, F.; Medas, F.; Romano, F.; Maraska, F.; Saliu, F.; Madrid, F.; Rosa, F.; Mastella, F.; Gheza, F.; Luvisetto, F.; Alconchel, F.; Vieira, F. M.; Pareja, F.; Agresta, F.; Luna, F.; Bonilla, F.; Cordera, F.; Burdio, F.; Mendoza-Moreno, F.; Flores, F. M.; Aranda, F. P.; Taylor, F.; Ramos, F. L.; Fernandes, F.; Tropeano, F. P.; Balestra, F.; Bianco, F.; Ceci, F.; Colombo, F.; Di Marzo, F.; Ferrara, F.; Lancellotti, F.; Lazzarin, F.; Litta, F.; Martini, F.; Pizza, F.; Roscio, F.; Virdis, F.; Antona, F. B.; Ramirez, F. C.; Fernandez, F. M.; Llinares, F. O.; Quezada, F.; Schlottmann, F.; Quezada, F.; Herrera-Almario, G.; Massaferro, G.; Bislenghi, G.; van Ramshorst, G.; Gallo, G.; Luglio, G.; Bointas, G.; Kampouroglou, G.; Papadopoulos, G.; Manrique, G. A.; Calini, G.; Nastri, G.; Formisano, G.; Galiffa, G.; Palini, G. M.; Colucci, G.; Pagano, G.; Pellino, G.; Vanni, G.; Pattacini, G. C.; Gravante, G.; De Paola, G.; Lisi, G.; Partida, G.; Bellanova, G.; De Nobili, G.; Necchi, G. S.; Sinibaldi, G.; Tebala, G.; Bagaglini, G.; Izzo, G.; Argenio, G.; Brisinda, G.; Candilio, G.; Di Grezia, G.; Esposito, G.; Faillace, G.; Frazzetta, G.; La Gumina, G.; Nigri, G.; Romeo, G.; Amatriain, G. C.; Ortega, G.; Martin-Martin, G.; Stavrou, G. A.; Gunadi, ; Ugon, G. A.; Machain, G.; Marcucci, G.; Martinez-Mier, G.; Machain, G. M.; Nari, G.; Calvo, H.; Fathy, H.; Hamilto, ; Ahmed, H.; Faraj, H.; Nava, H.; Macias, H. O.; Nikaj, H.; Solano, H.; Khan, H. A.; Alarcon, H. S.; Ebied, H.; Giani, I.; Ateca, I. V.; Neri, I.; Roman, I. A. S.; Fidoshev, I.; Rodriguez, I. M.; Negoi, I.; Ortega, I.; Bernescu, I.; Russo, I. S.; Rodriguez, I. V.; Palomares, I.; Baltazar, I.; Torrejimeno, I. J.; Jurado, I. M. C.; Reccia, I.; Hussain, I.; Toledo, I. B.; Mora-Guzman, I.; Dogaru, I.; Romic, I.; Balciscueta, I.; Kenington, J. C.; Sagolsem, J.; Jang, J. Y.; Olivier, J.; Lammel-Lindemann, J.; Dziakova, J.; Villavicencio, J. I. R.; Salinas, J.; Parreira, J. P. J. G.; Jovanovic, ; Perez, J. R.; Reyes, J. A. S.; Luque, J. A. M.; Mak, J.; Rodriguez, J. S.; Kok, J. H. H.; Krook, J.; Diaz-Elizondo, J. A.; Castell, J.; Garcia-Flores, J. E.; Navalon, J. M. J.; Rodrigues, J. M. S.; Pereira, J.; Gomez, J. T. C.; Luque, J. B.; del Olmo, J. C. M.; Salamea, J. C.; Olivier, J. F. C.; Laina, J. L. B.; Ordonez, J. M.; Gutierrez, J.; Abba, J.; Sofi, J. A.; Sherafgan, K.; Sahnan, K.; Yanaga, K.; Beatson, K.; Asim, L.; Alvarez, L.; Siragusa, L.; Farber, L.; Ong, L.; Athanasios, L.; Garcia-Bruna, L.; De Martino, L.; Ferrario, L.; Giordano, L.; Gordini, L.; Pio, L.; Ponchietti, L.; Moletta, L.; Curella, L.; Poggi, L.; Taglietti, L.; Bonavina, L.; Conti, L.; Goffredi, L.; Ruiz, L. A. G.; Barrionuevo, L.; Fregoso, L. E.; Cabrera, L. F.; Rodriguez, L. G.; Grande, L.; Osoria, L. G.; Gonzalez, L. J. K.; Sanchez-Guillen, L.; Tallon-Aguilar, L.; Tresierra, L.; Giavarini, L.; Hasabelnabi, M.; Odovic, M.; Uemura, M.; Khan, M.; Artiles-Armas, M.; David, M.; Di Martino, M.; Spampinato, M. G.; Ribeiro, M. A. F.; Viola, M.; Angrisani, M.; Calussi, M.; Cannistra, M.; Catarci, M.; Cereda, M.; Conte, M.; Giordano, M.; Pellicciaro, M.; Marino, M. V.; Vaterlini, M. E.; Jimenez, M. F.; Lolli, M. G.; Bellini, M. I.; Lemma, M.; Chiarello, M. M.; Nicola, M.; Arrigo, M.; Mejia, M. C.; Manrique, M. M.; Rodriguez-Lopez, M.; Serradilla-Martin, M.; Lara, M. Z.; Martinez, M.; Bagnall, M.; Peter, M.; Lara, M. C.; Gomez, M. J.; Paniagua-Garcia-Senorans, M.; Gonzalez, M. P.; Rutegard, M.; Salo, M.; Franceschilli, M.; Silveri, M.; Veroux, M.; Pezzulo, M.; Nardi, M.; Rottoli, M.; Tolonen, M.; Ciro, M. P.; Zuluagua, M.; Cannavo, M.; Cervellera, M.; Iacobone, M.; Montuori, M.; Podda, M.; Dominguez, M. G.; Bingol-Kologlu, M.; Tahir, M.; Lim, M.; Wilson, M. S.; Wilson, M.; Campanelli, M.; Bisaccia, M.; De Rosa, M.; Maruccia, M.; Paterno, M.; Pisano, M.; Torre, M.; Trevino, M.; Zuolo, M.; Hernandez Bartolome, M. A.; Farina, M.; Pera, M.; Calvo, M. P.; Sotelo, M.; Thway, M. M.; Hassan, M.; Hassan, M. S. E.; Azfar, M.; Bouhuwaish, M.; Taha, M.; Zaieem, M.; Korkoman, M.; Guraieb, M.; Shalaby, M.; Raza, M. A.; Younis, M. U.; Elhadi, M.; Ali, M. Z.; Quazi, N.; Dudi-Venkata, N. N.; Alselaim, N.; Loria, N.; Ramirez, N. V.; Than, N. W.; Smart, N.; Trelles, N.; Pinto, N.; Allievi, N.; Petrucciani, N.; Antonacci, N.; Cillara, N.; Gica, N.; Cristiana, N. D.; Krystek, N.; Falco, N.; Pecorelli, N.; Tamini, N.; Dallas, N. A.; Machairas, N.; Brito, N.; Fieturi, N. A.; Ortega, N.; Mercado, O. A.; Irkorucu, O.; Alsherif, O.; Valles, O.; Ioannidis, O.; Palmas, O. H.; Palmas, O. I. H.; Guadarrama, O. S.; Bozbiyik, O.; Omelanczuk, P.; Ottolino, P.; Rodrigues, P.; Ruiz, P.; Campenni, P.; Chiarade, P.; Olivares, P. P.; Baroffio, P.; Panaccio, P.; Wintringer, P.; Di Fronzo, P.; Talento, P.; Favoriti, P.; Sendino, P.; Marsanic, P.; Mifsut, P.; Andrade, P.; Ajawin, P.; Abadia-Barno, P.; Castaneda, P. A. N.; Arevalos, P. O. S.; Bellver, P. P.; Koh, P. S.; Souza, P.; Major, P.; Bali, R. S.; Khattar, R. M.; Melo, R. B.; Ebrahiminia, R.; Azar, R.; Murga, R. L.; Caruso, R.; Pirolo, R.; Brady, R.; Davies, R. J.; Dholakia, R.; Rattan, R.; Singhal, R.; Lim, R.; Angelico, R.; Isernia, R. M.; Tutino, R.; Faccincani, R.; Peltrini, R.; Carrera-Ceron, R.; Tejos, R.; Kashyap, R.; Fajardo, R.; Lozito, R.; Pareja, R. M.; Garbarino, S.; Di Saverio, S.; Morales-Conde, S.; Benli, S.; Mansour, S.; Flores, S.; Suarez, S. L.; Ben, S. L.; Fuentes, S.; Napetti, S.; de Guzman, S. O.; Awad, S.; Weckmann Lujan, S. A.; Gentilli, S.; Grimaldi, S.; Pizarro, S. O.; Tayar, S.; Nabi, S.; Chan, S. M.; Junaid, S.; Rojas, S.; Monetti, S.; Garcia, S.; Salvans, S.; Tenconi, S.; Shaw, S.; Santoni, S.; Parra, S. A.; Cardenas, S.; Perez-Bertolez, S.; Chiappetta, S.; Dessureault, S.; Delis, S.; Bonapasta, S. A.; Rausei, S.; Scaringi, S.; Keswani, S.; Ali, S. M.; Cetinkunar, S.; Fung, T. L. D.; Rawashdeh, T.; Lopez, T. N.; De Campos, T.; Duque, T. C.; Perra, T.; Liakakos, T.; Daskalakis, T.; Liakakos, T.; Barnes, T.; Koeter, T.; Zalla, T.; Gonzalez, T. E.; Elosua, T.; Campagnaro, T.; Brown, T.; Luoto, T.; Oumar, T. A.; Giustizieri, U.; Grossi, U.; Bracale, U.; Rivas, U.; Sosa, V.; Testa, V.; Andriola, V.; Tonini, V.; Balassone, V.; Celentano, V.; Progno, V.; Raju, V.; Carroni, V.; Cavallaro, V.; Katta, V. R.; De Simone, V.; Romaguera, V. P.; Orozco, V. H. G.; Luraschi, V.; Rachkov, V.; Turrado-L, V.; Visag-Castillo, V.; Dowling, V.; Graham, V.; Papagni, V.; Vigorita, V.; Fonseca, V. C.; Carneros, V. J.; Bellato, V.; Goncalves, W.; Powers, W. F.; Grigg, W.; Bechstein, W. O.; Lim, Y. B.; Altinel, Y.; Golubovic, Z.; Balciscueta, Z

Inequalities in screening policies and perioperative protection for patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic: Subanalysis of the ACIE Appy study

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