American Teaching Internships and the German Vorbereitungsdienst

A look at the German Vorbereitungsdienst program may be instructive for American internship plans for new teachers

Responsabilidad patrimonial de las administraciones públicas. Errores sanitarios.

In the present work we will study the patrimonial responsibility of the public administration, regulated in the Spanish Constitution, and developed by the current Law 39/2015, specifically when we are faced with sanitary errors, differentiating the type of damage produced, which may be moral or corporal. In order for the patrimonial responsibility of the administration to arise, and also to display all the effects established by law, a series of assumptions must be met, such as the normal or abnormal functioning of the public administration, the production of a compensable damage, the existence of a causal link and absence of force majeure or cause of unpredictability with the knowledge of science at that time. Of special importance, in order to determine responsibility, there are certain figures such as the doctrine of loss of opportunity, the correct use of the lex artis and the presence of informed consent when carrying out a medical intervention. Lastly, once the responsibility has been determined, we move on to the compensation procedure for the damage caused by the normal or abnormal functioning of the public administration, and the due request must be made so that the appropriate procedure can be initiated. To conclude the procedure, two different modes of termination may be given: early or ordinary.En el presente trabajo nos dedicaremos a estudiar la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración pública, regulada en la Constitución Española, y desarrollada por la Ley 39/2015 y la Ley 40/2015, concretamente cuando nos encontramos ante errores sanitarios, diferenciando el tipo de daño producido, pudiendo ser moral y/o corporal. Para que nazca la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración, y asimismo despliegue todos los efectos establecidos en la ley, se deberán cumplir una serie de presupuestos, como son el funcionamiento normal o anormal de la administración pública, la producción de un daño resarcible, la existencia de un nexo causal y ausencia de fuerza mayor o causa de imprevisibilidad con los conocimientos de la ciencia en ese momento. Especial importancia cobran, de cara a determinar la responsabilidad, ciertas figuras como son la doctrina de la pérdida de oportunidad, el uso correcto de la lex artis y la presencia de un consentimiento informado a la hora de realizar una intervención médica. Por último, una vez determinada la responsabilidad, daría inicio el procedimiento de indemnización del daño producido por el funcionamiento normal o anormal de la administración pública, debiendo formularse la debida solicitud para que se inicie el procedimiento adecuado. Para concluir el procedimiento, se podrán dar dos diferentes modos de finalización: la anticipada o la ordinaria

Catalytic partial oxidation of cyclohexane by bimetallic Ag/Pd nanoparticles on magnesium oxide

The liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone was investigated by synthesizing and testing an array of heterogeneous catalysts comprising: monometallic Ag/MgO, monometallic Pd/MgO and a set of bimetallic AgPd/MgO catalysts. Interestingly, Ag/MgO was capable of a conversion comparable to current industrial routes of ca. 5%, and with a high selectivity (up to 60%) to cyclohexanol, thus making Ag/MgO an attractive system for the synthesis of intermediates for the manufacture of nylon fibres. Furthermore, following the doping of Ag nanoparticles with Pd, the conversion increased up to 10% whilst simultaneously preserving a high selectivity to the alcohol. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy of the catalysts showed a systematic particle size composition variation with the smaller Ag-Pd nanoparticles being statistically richer in Pd. Analysis of the reaction mixture by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with the spin trapping technique showed the presence of large amounts of alkoxy radicals, thus providing insights for a possible reaction mechanism

Polymers from biomass: one pot two-step synthesis of furilydenepropanenitrile derivatives with MIL-100(Fe) catalyst

[EN] Furilydenepropanenitrile derivatives, which are useful as monomers, have been obtained in high yields by coupling the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and the Knoevenagel condensation of DFF with methylene active compounds in a one pot process. The oxidation step was studied using an Fe containing metal-organic framework (MIL-100(Fe), and Fe(BTC)), a Cu containing MOF (Cu3(BTC)(2)), an Fe exchanged HY zeolite and homogeneous Fe salts in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- 1-oxide (TEMPO) as a cocatalyst, NaNO2 as an additive and oxygen as the terminal oxidant. The results showed that the synthesized MIL-100(Fe) post treated with NH4F was the most active catalyst achieving 100% HMF conversion with 100% selectivity to DFF and can be reused with good success. Additionally, the catalytic system has been applied to the oxidation of different primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under mild reaction conditions with good success. The second step, the Knoevenagel condensation of the obtained DFF with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate, was performed taking advantage of the basicity of the reaction medium.The Spanish MICINN Project (CTQ-2015-67592-P), Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo Program), the Severo Ochoa Program and the EU-Japan Project NOVACAM are gratefully acknowledged.Rapeyko, A.; Arias Carrascal, KS.; Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Corma Canós, A.; Iborra Chornet, S. (2017). Polymers from biomass: one pot two-step synthesis of furilydenepropanenitrile derivatives with MIL-100(Fe) catalyst. Catalysis Science & Technology. 7(14):3008-3016. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00463jS30083016714Rosatella, A. A., Simeonov, S. P., Frade, R. F. M., & Afonso, C. A. M. 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Catalytic Performance of Zeolite-Supported Vanadia in the Aerobic Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran. ChemCatChem, 5(1), 284-293. doi:10.1002/cctc.201200482Yadav, G. D., & Sharma, R. V. (2014). Biomass derived chemicals: Environmentally benign process for oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran by using nano-fibrous Ag-OMS-2-catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 147, 293-301. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.09.004Fang, R., Luque, R., & Li, Y. (2016). Selective aerobic oxidation of biomass-derived HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran using a MOF-derived magnetic hollow Fe–Co nanocatalyst. Green Chemistry, 18(10), 3152-3157. doi:10.1039/c5gc03051jBen-Daniel, R., Alsters, P., & Neumann, R. (2001). Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols with a Combination of a Polyoxometalate and Nitroxyl Radical as Catalysts. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 66(25), 8650-8653. doi:10.1021/jo0105843Ansari, I. A., & Gree, R. (2002). TEMPO-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones in Ionic Liquid [bmim][PF6]. Organic Letters, 4(9), 1507-1509. doi:10.1021/ol025721cGamez, P., Arends, I. W. C. E., Reedijk, J., & Sheldon, R. A. (2003). Copper(ii)-catalysed aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Chemical Communications, (19), 2414. doi:10.1039/b308668bWang, N., Liu, R., Chen, J., & Liang, X. (2005). NaNO2-activated, iron–TEMPO catalyst system for aerobic alcohol oxidation under mild conditions. Chemical Communications, (42), 5322. doi:10.1039/b509167eYin, W., Chu, C., Lu, Q., Tao, J., Liang, X., & Liu, R. (2010). Iron Chloride/4-Acetamido-TEMPO/Sodium Nitrite-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to the Aldehydes. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 352(1), 113-118. doi:10.1002/adsc.200900662Ma, S., Liu, J., Li, S., Chen, B., Cheng, J., Kuang, J., … Yu, S. (2011). 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An element through the looking glass: Exploring the Au-C, Au-H and Au-O energy landscape

Gold, the archetypal “noble metal”, used to be considered of little interest in catalysis. It is now clear that this was a misconception, and a multitude of gold-catalysed transformations has been reported. However, one consequence of the long-held view of gold as inert metal is that its organometallic chemistry contains many “unknowns”, and catalytic cycles devised to explain gold's reactivity draw largely on analogies with other transition metals. How realistic are such mechanistic assumptions? In the last few years a number of key compound classes have been discovered that can provide some answers. This Perspective attempts to summarise these developments, with particular emphasis on recently discovered gold(III) complexes with bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, alkenes and CO ligands