College Managers’ Views on The Employability of Vocational Engineering Graduates: A Case of The South African TVET College Sector

This study investigated the required competencies that TVET college engineering graduates need to be employable and become successful entrepreneurs after completing their studies. The study used a qualitative design and semi-structured interviews to collect the data. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants from three public TVET colleges in Gauteng. The study reported that National Certificate Vocational college engineering graduates need relevant engineering content knowledge, authentic practical engineering workplace experience, soft skills, technical skills and their application in the real world. It was also found that the engineering sector has a negative attitude towards TVET engineering graduates and that there is a lack of lecturers with engineering industry experience. We relied on a small sample; hence, the results of this study may not be generalisable, but moving forward, a cross-national study including all TVET programmes may be required; and, most probably, different results will be generated. We concluded by advocating the review of the TVET engineering curriculum and a paradigm shift to an intense formally supervised and examined industry-oriented workplace component that would boost the technical expertise of graduates. A widespread advocacy campaign in the engineering sector could also help to raise their awareness of TVET programmes

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Towards a unification of movement ecology and biogeography: conceptual framework and a case study on Afrotropical ducks

Aim: We present elements of a new conceptual framework for the unification of biogeography and movement ecology, and demonstrate the value of the new framework using a case study of two species of Afrotropical duck (Anatidae) across a latitudinal gradient.\ud \ud Location: Southern Africa.\ud \ud Methods: The first part of the paper rests on logic and philosophy. For the second (case study) section, we used data from up to 3years of satellite telemetry for 26 individuals of two species of Afrotropical duck, the Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiaca) and red-billed teal (Anas erythrorhyncha), from three different populations with moulting sites spread across 17 degrees of latitude. We compared quantitative measures of movement patterns using principal components analysis and boxplots.\ud \ud Results: We argue that unpacking the concept of dispersal into the fundamental elements of movement (internal drivers, external drivers, navigation capacity, and motion capacity) provides a more solid basis for contrasting competing hypotheses in biogeographical studies. We found, surprisingly, that red-billed teal, a 'highly nomadic' species, moved with a relatively high degree of consistency at each of our three study latitudes, while Egyptian geese, a 'resident' species, showed latitude-dependent variation in their movements. However, much of the latitude-related variation for Egyptian geese was driven by their annual moult migrations, rather than directly by fluctuations in resource availability. Internal factors appear to dominate movements and probably determine the species ranges of both of our study species.\ud \ud Main conclusions: The integration of biogeography and movement ecology, through a more sophisticated view of mechanisms formerly lumped together under 'dispersal', offers a fertile area for further research. The biogeography of Afrotropical ducks appears to be strongly influenced by internal factors. Biogeographical patterns in this taxon may thus be best understood (and modelled) as a long-term response to environmental stochasticity, rather than as a deliberate selection of optimal habitat. Latitudinal comparisons emerge as a valuable way of gaining insights into the drivers of movement for widespread species

Investigating Avian Influenza Infection Hotspots in Old-World Shorebirds

Heterogeneity in the transmission rates of pathogens across hosts or environments may produce disease hotspots, which are defined as specific sites, times or species associations in which the infection rate is consistently elevated. Hotspots for avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds are largely unstudied and poorly understood. A striking feature is the existence of a unique but consistent AIV hotspot in shorebirds (Charadriiformes) associated with a single species at a specific location and time (ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres at Delaware Bay, USA, in May). This unique case, though a valuable reference, limits our capacity to explore and understand the general properties of AIV hotspots in shorebirds. Unfortunately, relatively few shorebirds have been sampled outside Delaware Bay and they belong to only a few shorebird families; there also has been a lack of consistent oropharyngeal sampling as a complement to cloacal sampling. In this study we looked for AIV hotspots associated with other shorebird species and/or with some of the larger congregation sites of shorebirds in the old world. We assembled and analysed a regionally extensive dataset of AIV prevalence from 69 shorebird species sampled in 25 countries across Africa and Western Eurasia. Despite this diverse and extensive coverage we did not detect any new shorebird AIV hotspots. Neither large shorebird congregation sites nor the ruddy turnstone were consistently associated with AIV hotspots. We did, however, find a low but widespread circulation of AIV in shorebirds that contrast with the absence of AIV previously reported in shorebirds in Europe. A very high AIV antibody prevalence coupled to a low infection rate was found in both first-year and adult birds of two migratory sandpiper species, suggesting the potential existence of an AIV hotspot along their migratory flyway that is yet to be discovered

List of potential hotspots of AIV infection detected in our study.

<p>These sites correspond to sampling occasions (top) at which the number of AIV-positive birds was above the threshold number of birds for which the hypothesis that prevalence is lower than 10% could not be rejected (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone-0046049-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>). Sampling conducted in different years at the same sites during the same months and on the same species (below) detected a low number of AIV-positive birds.</p>a<p>. African jacana <i>Actophilornis africana</i>, Kittlitz's plover <i>Charadrius pecuarius</i>, Little stint <i>Calidris minuta</i>, Blacksmith lapwing <i>Vanellus armatus</i>, Slender-billed gull <i>Chroicocephalus genei</i>, Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Wood sandpiper <i>Tringa glareola</i>.</p

Mean seroprevalence of AIV antibodies among closely related shorebird species in relation to the mean latitude of their breeding range.

<p>Seroprevalence were measured in West Africa (the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania and the Inner Niger Delta, Mali) and the Delaware Bay, USA (from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone.0046049-Stallknecht1" target="_blank">[8]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone.0046049-Brown2" target="_blank">[31]</a>) using the same commercial bELISA kit (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>). The mean species breeding latitude was computed from the northern and southern limits of the breeding distribution of the populations present at each site using distribution maps from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone.0046049-Jourdain1" target="_blank">[22]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone.0046049-Poole1" target="_blank">[32]</a>. Species include ruddy turnstone (Δ), red knot (□), dunlin (o), sanderling (◊), short-billed dowitcher (×), ruff and wood sandpiper (−). Error bars represent the binomial exact 95% confidence interval.</p

Location of the world's largest congregation sites of waders (sandpipers, plovers and allies), i.e. sites where at least 500,000 birds congregate annually.

<p>Among these sites where birds have been tested for AIV infection (black symbols - from the literature; grey symbols - this study) an AIV hotspot has been reported only at the Delaware Bay (no. 7). See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone.0046049.s007" target="_blank">Table S6</a> (supporting information) for detailed information on each site. 1-Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 2-Copper River Delta, 3-Fraser' River Estuary, 4-Gray's harbour estuary, 5-Bay of Fundy, 6-Great Salt Lake, 7-Delaware Bay, 8-Cheyenne Bottoms, 9-San Francisco Bay, 10-Bahia de Santa Maria, 11-Upper Bay of Panama, 12-Suriname coast, 13-Laguna Mar Chiquita, 14-Wadden Sea, 15-Rhine-Maas-Schelde Delta, 16-Azov Sea, 17-Sea of Okhotsk, 18-Tengiz-Korgalzhyn Lakes, 19-Yellow Sea coast, 20-Arabian Sea off Oman, 21-Banc d'Arguin, 22-Senegal River Delta, 23-Bijagos Archipelago (map by M. Gély ©Cirad).</p

Detection of potential hotspots of AIV infection in shorebirds sampled at various sites across Eurasian and Afro-tropical regions (<b>Figure 1</b>-B; and supporting information Table S2).

<p>The number of AIV-positive birds detected in relation to the number of birds sampled per sampling occasion is here compared to the threshold number of positive birds (solid line) below which the prevalence is unlikely (probability <0.05) to be greater than 10% for a sample of the same size. Points on or above the line represent potential AIV hotspots, i.e. sampling occasions (n = 5) for which the number of positive birds was too large for rejecting the hypothesis that prevalence could be >10% (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046049#pone-0046049-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>). Only sampling occasions (n = 47) that had at least 28 birds sampled were considered in this analysis.</p