Transubstantiation of reality in El Jarama of Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio and Adrift on the Nile of Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ

Comparative literature follows the most effective bridge of approximation of cultures, an axis of interculturality and a revealing source of the relationships between the different areas of human expression. Counting on this method highlights the confluence between two realistic works, which reveal both the Spanish and Egyptian reality of the mid-twentieth century and, precisely, the fifties in Spain and the sixties in Egypt: The Jarama of Sánchez Ferlosio and Adrift on the Nile of Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ. These works reflect the sufferings and opinions of the poor classes of their respective countries. In the same way, the authors criticized through these novels the passivities of their respective communities. Thus, embody, in this sense, two living examples of the transubstantiation of reality, which converge in many aspects and even in the titles, which are the names of two riversSigue la literatura comparada el puente más eficaz de aproximación de culturas, eje de interculturalidad y fuente reveladora de las relaciones entre las diferentes áreas de la expresión humana. Contándonos con este método se nos destaca la confluencia entre dos obras realistas, que ponen al descubierto la realidad tanto española como egipcia de mitad del siglo XX y, precisamente de los años cincuenta en España y los años sesenta en Egipto: El Jarama de Sánchez Ferlosio y Veladas del Nilo de Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ. Estas obras reflejan los sufrimientos y las opiniones de las clases pobres de sus respectivos países. Del mismo modo, los autores critican a través de estas novelas las pasividades de sus respectivas comunidades. Por ende, encarnan, en este sentido, dos ejemplos vivos de la transubstanciación de la realidad, los cuales se convergen en muchos aspectos e, incluso, en los títulos, que son nombres de dos río

El reino de los insectos como una proyección social y política en "El grillo", de Carlos Muñiz, y "El sino de una cucaracha", de Tawfiq Al-Hakim

The purpose of this paper is to analyze comparatively the common interest of Carlos Muñiz and Tawfīq Al-Ḥakīm in criticizing the authoritarianism of the political regime that affected the social and political life of their respective countries. The protagonist in both works is compared to the insect (cricket-cockroach) due to his mediocrity, since no one pays attention to both man and insect, despite their repeated screams. This strategy of resorting to the kingdom of insects to project its criticisms towards the political and social dimensions has been a camouflage device to escape the censoring apparatus of the dictatorial regime.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar comparatísticamente el empeño compartido de Carlos Muñiz y Tawfīq Al-Ḥakīm en criticar el autoritarismo del régimen político que afectó la vida social y política de sus respectivos países. El protagonista en ambas obras está comparado con el insecto (grillo-cucaracha) debido a su mediocridad, ya que tanto al hombre como al insecto nadie les hace caso, a pesar de sus repetidos gritos. Esta estrategia de recurrir al reino de los insectos para proyectar sus críticas hacia las dimensiones política y social ha sido un recurso de camuflaje para escapar del aparto censor del régimen dictatorial

Transubstanciación de la realidad en "El Jarama" de Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio y "Veladas del Nilo" de Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ

Sigue la literatura comparada el puente más eficaz de aproximación de culturas, eje de interculturalidad y fuente reveladora de las relaciones entre las diferentes áreas de la expresión humana. Contándonos con este método se nos destaca la confluencia entre dos obras realistas, que ponen al descubierto la realidad tanto española como egipcia de mitad del siglo XX y, precisamente de los años cincuenta en España y los años sesenta en Egipto: El Jarama de Sánchez Ferlosio y Veladas del Nilo de Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ. Estas obras reflejan los sufrimientos y las opiniones de las clases pobres de sus respectivos países. Del mismo modo, los autores critican a través de estas novelas las pasividades de sus respectivas comunidades. Por ende, encarnan, en este sentido, dos ejemplos vivos de la transubstanciación de la realidad, los cuales se convergen en muchos aspectos e, incluso, en los títulos, que son nombres de dos ríos. Palabras clave: Sánchez Ferlosio - El Jarama – Naŷīb Maḥfūẓ - Veladas del Nilo – representación de la realidad.</p

Perspectivas comparatistas y representación de la realidad en la obra de Benito Pérez Galdós y de Yahyà Haqqi: Nazarín y Al-Bustayi (el cartero) como prototipos

Área de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura ComparadaTesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultd de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Lingüística, Lenguas Modernas, Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia, Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, 27 de junio de 201

EL MOVIMIENTO DE TRADUCCIÓN EN LA CASA DE SABIDURÍA DE BAGDAD Y LA ESCUELA DE TRADUCTORES DE TOLEDO

The translation movement at the House of Wisdom of Baghdad and the School of Translators of Toledo continues to be the object of many historical and descriptive studies, which try to clarify the contribution of both institutions, each one separately, in the transmission of knowledge and Sciences from one culture to another. The motivation of the present study is determined by the need to undertake comparative studies that highlight points of convergence and divergence between the two translation projects. Comparative studies of this type also represent a fundamental contribution in consolidating the investigation of the history of translation, searching for common links between historical translation projects.El movimiento de traducción en la Casa de Sabiduría de Bagdad y la Escuela de Traductores de Toledo sigue siendo objeto de muchos estudios históricos y descriptivos, que tratan de esclarecer la contribución de ambas instituciones, cada una por separado, en la transmisión de los conocimientos y ciencias de una cultura a otra. La motivación del presente trabajo viene determinada por la necesidad de emprender estudios comparativos que pongan de relieve las relaciones de convergencia y divergencia entre los dos proyectos de traducción. Los estudios comparativos de este tipo representan, además, un aporte fundamental en consolidar la investigación sobre la historia de la traducción, buscando lazos comunes entre los proyectos históricos de traducción

Determining the most appropriate printing techniques for digital printing to achieve printing quality of Teslin polymers

Some documents in the Arab Republic of Egypt face a great challenge, which is the problem of short life span, and it is worth noting here that the global trend and also in the Arab Republic of Egypt recently is moving towards the use of polymers as an alternative to traditional paper materials in many important documents, and therefore the research has addressed the possibility of printing on raw materials. Teslin polymers, facing many challenges, including print quality when printed on any of the digital printing techniques in terms of determining the most appropriate digital techniques for printing on plastic Teslin material to obtain the required print quality by measuring both (Lab values of colour, density, dot gain and trapping). And to achieve this goal, this research has dealt with the theoretical, practical and analytical study of both the raw material that has been experimented with and the digital printing techniques used in the practical experiments of printing on the Teslin material, which is an inkjet technique using the Com Color GD 9630 Riso printer, and the dry electro photographic technique using Library printers with limited production, which is the HP Color LaserJet Enterprise M553 printer, and also the dry electro photographic technology using quantum production (mass production) printers a Ricoh C7200 SL printer, and liquid electrophotography technology was used using the HP Indigo 7800 printer, and the study concluded that The most suitable technology for digital printing on the two-fold material is the Dry electrophotography technology using limited-production library printers, which is the HP Color LaserJet Enterprise M553, and also dry electrophotography technology using quantum printers, which is the Ricoh C7200 SL, and that inkjet technology using the Com Color GD 9630 Riso printer is not suitable for printing

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely