Estimación de pérdidas generados por Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) en el grano comercial de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) y registro de controladores biológicos en la granja “Rafael Rivera”, San Jerónimo (Antioquia - Colombia).

El perforador de la mazorca del cacao Carmenta foraseminis (Busck) Eichlin, es una especie de interés por los daños que viene causando en las plantaciones de cacao. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las pérdidas de grano comercial asociadas al barrenador de cacao, así como registrar sus reguladores biológicos en la granja “Rafael Rivera” de Fedecacao. La incidencia y pérdidas de grano se calcularon mediante 14 evaluaciones de cosecha. Se determinó la correlación entre la temperatura y la humedad ambiental dentro del sistema agroforestal y la incidencia del insecto. Los reguladores biológicos se obtuvieron a partir de la recolección manual de estados inmaduros (huevos, larvas y pupas) del insecto plaga, los cuales se confinaron en cámaras de cría bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Las pérdidas totales promedio fueron de 23,5% representadas en 112,5 kg de cacao húmedo y 39,3 kg de cacao seco y la incidencia promedio del insecto fue de 55,3 %. La temperatura presentó una correlación positiva con la incidencia del perforador (p < 0.05), pero la humedad ambiental no tuvo correlación. Se identificaron cinco reguladores biológicos, siendo dos parasitoides de huevos (Trichogramma sp. y Telenomus sp.), uno de larva - pupa (Brachymeria sp.), un hongo patógeno de pupa (Paecelomyces sp.) y un depredador de larvas (Polystes sp.). Se sugiere continuar con el estudio del efecto del microclima y los reguladores naturales para proponer un manejo integrado de este insecto

Amenaza turística y vulnerabilidad de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional en Occidente Cercano, Antioquia Colombia

Se analiza el riesgo de pérdida de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional (SP) del Occidente cercano, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, debido a la actividad turística en la zona. Este análisis se realizó a partir de la identificación de los factores legales, infraestructura, atractivos y servicios presentes en el territorio, que promueven o facilitan el desarrollo del turismo como amenaza o factor de riesgo externo para los SP. También se evalúo la vulnerabilidad de los SP al turismo como un factor de riesgo interno del sistema, mediante la estimación de parámetros ambientales, económicos, sociales y técnicos. La investigación se realizó mediante el estudio de seis estudios de caso a escala predial. Los resultados obtenidos indican un riesgo bajo (Predio), una vulnerabilidad media de los seis SP ante el turismo (Predio).The risk of loss of traditional agricultural production systems (SP) of the nearby West, Department of Antioquia, Colombia, due to the tourist activity in the area is analyzed. This analysis was based on the identification of legal factors, infrastructure, attractions and services in the territory, that promote or facilitate the development of tourism as a threat or external risk factor for SP. SP vulnerability of tourism as an internal risk factor of the system is also evaluated by estimating environmental, economic, social and technical parameters. The research was conducted by studying six case studies at farm level. The results indicate a low risk, medium vulnerability of the six SP to tourism.Eje: A2: Paisajes, Territorios y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Amenaza turística y vulnerabilidad de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional en Occidente Cercano, Antioquia Colombia

Se analiza el riesgo de pérdida de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional (SP) del Occidente cercano, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, debido a la actividad turística en la zona. Este análisis se realizó a partir de la identificación de los factores legales, infraestructura, atractivos y servicios presentes en el territorio, que promueven o facilitan el desarrollo del turismo como amenaza o factor de riesgo externo para los SP. También se evalúo la vulnerabilidad de los SP al turismo como un factor de riesgo interno del sistema, mediante la estimación de parámetros ambientales, económicos, sociales y técnicos. La investigación se realizó mediante el estudio de seis estudios de caso a escala predial. Los resultados obtenidos indican un riesgo bajo (Predio), una vulnerabilidad media de los seis SP ante el turismo (Predio).The risk of loss of traditional agricultural production systems (SP) of the nearby West, Department of Antioquia, Colombia, due to the tourist activity in the area is analyzed. This analysis was based on the identification of legal factors, infrastructure, attractions and services in the territory, that promote or facilitate the development of tourism as a threat or external risk factor for SP. SP vulnerability of tourism as an internal risk factor of the system is also evaluated by estimating environmental, economic, social and technical parameters. The research was conducted by studying six case studies at farm level. The results indicate a low risk, medium vulnerability of the six SP to tourism.Eje: A2: Paisajes, Territorios y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Amenaza turística y vulnerabilidad de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional en Occidente Cercano, Antioquia Colombia

Se analiza el riesgo de pérdida de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicional (SP) del Occidente cercano, Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, debido a la actividad turística en la zona. Este análisis se realizó a partir de la identificación de los factores legales, infraestructura, atractivos y servicios presentes en el territorio, que promueven o facilitan el desarrollo del turismo como amenaza o factor de riesgo externo para los SP. También se evalúo la vulnerabilidad de los SP al turismo como un factor de riesgo interno del sistema, mediante la estimación de parámetros ambientales, económicos, sociales y técnicos. La investigación se realizó mediante el estudio de seis estudios de caso a escala predial. Los resultados obtenidos indican un riesgo bajo (Predio), una vulnerabilidad media de los seis SP ante el turismo (Predio).The risk of loss of traditional agricultural production systems (SP) of the nearby West, Department of Antioquia, Colombia, due to the tourist activity in the area is analyzed. This analysis was based on the identification of legal factors, infrastructure, attractions and services in the territory, that promote or facilitate the development of tourism as a threat or external risk factor for SP. SP vulnerability of tourism as an internal risk factor of the system is also evaluated by estimating environmental, economic, social and technical parameters. The research was conducted by studying six case studies at farm level. The results indicate a low risk, medium vulnerability of the six SP to tourism.Eje: A2: Paisajes, Territorios y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good