The role of experience, perceived match importance, and anxiety on cortisol response in an official esports competition

The aim of the present study was to analyse the neuroendocrine stress response, psychological anxiety response, and perceived match importance (PMI) between expert and non-expert control gamers in an official competitive context. We analyzed, in 25 expert esports players and 20 control participants, modifications in their somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, PMI, and cortisol in a League of Legends competition. We found how expert esports players presented higher cortisol concentrations (Z = 155.5; p = 0.03; Cohen’s d = −0.66), cognitive anxiety (Z = 99.5; p = 0.001), and PMI (Z = 50.5; p < 0.001) before the competition than non-experts participants. We found a greater statistical weight in the cognitive variables than in the physiological ones. The results obtained suggest that real competitive context and player’s expertise were factors associated with an anticipatory stress response. The PMI proved to be a differentiating variable between both groups, highlighting the necessity to include subjective variables that contrast objective measurements

PARASITOFAUNA DE PARANTHIAS COLONUS (VALENCIENNES, 1846) EN EL SARGENTO, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO

Paranthias colonus(Valenciennes, 1846) is used as fish bait replacing first class fish that have been overfished in the Gulf of California. Due to its recent commercial importance, the parasite fauna of P. colonusfrom of El Sargento, Baja California Sur, Mexico is characterized to define its role in the life cycle of its parasites. 30 fishes were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for later examination. Helminths and copepods were treated with conventional techniques specific to each kind of parasite. P. colonushad 100% prevalence and 46.5 mean intensity of parasites. Adults of Pseudorhabdosynochus sp., Prodistomum orientalis, Brachyphallus sp., Lecithochirium sp., Spinitectus sp., Caligus sp., Pandaridae, and Hatschekia sp. and larevae of Tetragonocephalidae, Scolex pleuronectis and Anisakis sp. were found. There was evidence of host specificity of Pseudorhabdosynochussp. and Hatschekiasp. by serranid fish. P. orientalisis reported for the second time. Hemiuridae are generalists so Paranthiashas added to this host range. The presence of the metacestodes S. pleuronectisand Tetragonocephalidae indicates their role in Paranthiasas intermediate or paratenic hosts because they are found in adult elasmobranches. Anisakissp. and Caligussp. are of wide geographic distribution and host range. Anisakissp. is the only worm that poses a potential danger to public health because it causes anisakidosis. Members of the family Pandaridae are almost exclusive parasites in elasmobranchians and Paranthiasis widely spread in its hosts. This work reports the first world record of hosts and localities of the studied materials.Paranthias colonus (Valenciennes, 1846) es un pez usado como carnada que ha sustituido a los peces de primera clase que se han sobreexplotado en el Golfo de California. Debido a su reciente importancia comercial en este trabajo se caracterizó la parasitofauna de P. colonusen la localidad de El Sargento, Baja California Sur, México, para definir el papel que tiene en el ciclo biológico de sus parásitos. Se adquirieron 30 ejemplares se fijaron en formaldehído al 4% para su posterior revisión. Los helmintos y copépodos se trataron con las técnicas convencionales propias de cada clase de parásito. Se tuvo un 100% de prevalencia y 46,5 de intensidad media de parasitismo general. Pseudorhabdosynochus sp., Prodistomum orientalis, Brachyphallus sp., Lecithochirium sp., Spinitectus sp., Caligus sp., Pandaridae y Hatschekia sp. son adultos y Tetragonocephalidae, Scolex pleuronectis y Anisakis sp. son formas larvarias. Se evidencia la especificidad hospedatoria de Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. y Hatschekia sp. por peces Serránidos. P. orientalisen el presente trabajo representa el segundo registro. Los hemiúridos son generalistas por lo que Paranthiasse agrega a este rango de hospederos. La presencia de metacéstodos de Tetragonocephalidae y S. pleuronectisen Paranthiasindica su papel como hospedero intermediario o paraténico, debido a que en etapa adulta se encuentran en elasmobranquios. Anisakis sp. y Caligus sp. son de amplia distribución geográfica y rango de hospederos. Anisakissp. es el único helminto que representa un peligro potencial para la salud pública por ser causante de Anisakidosis. Los miembros de la familia Pandaridae son parásitos casi exclusivos de elasmobranquios y Paranthiasdiversifica su rango hospedatorio. Finalmente, la parasitofauna del hospedero y localidad de este trabajo representan el primer registro a nivel mundial

RESISTENCIA A LA INSULINA Y SU CORRELACIÓN CON INTERLEUCINA-6 (IL-6) EN NIÑOS Y ADOLESCENTES DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ (MEXICO)

La resistencia a la insulina parece ser consecuencia de un estado de inflamación sistémica de bajo grado presente en la obesidad y en diabetes tipo 2. Actualmente se ha observado un incremento de obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 en población infantil y adolescente. El objetivo es conocer si existe asociación de resistencia a la insulina con niveles de IL-6 en población infantil seleccionada de manera aleatoria. Se incluyeron 184 niños (100 niñas) entre 6-12 años de edad, elegidos al azar de Escuelas de Educación Pública de la Ciudad de San Luís Potosí, México. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas: edad, peso, talla, IMC e ICC. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa, previo ayuno de 12 horas, para las determinaciones de glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad (HDL-C) y (LDL-C). Las concentraciones de insulina se evaluaron por radioinmunoanálisis, se calculó el índice de resistencia a la insulina por el modelo homeostático HOMA-IR. Las concentraciones de IL-6 se realizaron por quimioluminiscencia. Los valores de IL-6 se encuentran asociados con los niveles de insulina (r = 0.144, p&lt;0.051), colesterol (r = 0.145, p&lt;0.052), IMC (r = 0.170, p&lt;0.021), HDL-C (r = -0.180, p&lt;0.01) y el HOMA-IR (r = 0.142, p&lt;0.055). La cuantificación de IL-6 enniños es útil para conocer desde edades tempranas el grado de inflamación asociado a la resistencia a la insulina en población mexicana.Palabras clave: niños, obesidad, inflamación, interleucina 6obesity, children, inflammation, interleukin 6

Remoción de colorantes textiles aplicando hongos ligninolíticos inmovilizados en turmalina

En este trabajo se estudió la remoción del colorante textil Azul-F-Oro, por los hongos ligninolíticos Phanerochaete chrysosporium y Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, dos géneros importantes por sus eficientes sistemas enzimáticos degradadores de compuestos orgánicos. El soporte de inmovilización fue turmalina, mineral borosilicato con alto contenido de hierro y otros metales que actúan como cofactores de las enzimas, mejorando su actividad. La inmovilización de los hongos por separado, se realizó inoculando caldo extracto de malta (conteniendo la turmalina estéril) con una suspensión de esporas e incubando a temperatura ambiente durante 5 días. Los hongos inmovilizados se agregaron por duplicado en matraces con 150.0 mL conteniendo una solución acuosa del colorante a una concentración de 50 ppm y se incubaron en cultivo estático durante 24 días. La decoloración se determinó por el método espectrofotométrico a 564 nm. Los porcentajes de remoción del colorante fueron del 96.7% con P. chrysosporium y del 99.7% con P. cinnabarinus.In this paper, the removal of Blue-F-Gold textile dye by ligninolytic fungi was studied. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pycnoporus cinnabarinu are two important genera due to their efficient enzymatic systems that degrade organic material. The immobilization solution was tourmaline, a borosilicate mineral high in iron and other metals that act as cofactors of enzymes, improving their activity. Immobilization of the fungi was performed separately whereby inoculating malt extract broth (containing sterile tourmaline) with a spore suspension and incubating at room temperature for 5 days. The immobilized fungi were added in duplicate to 150.0 mL flasks containing an aqueous solution of the dye at a 50 ppm concentration and incubated in static cultivation for 24 days. Discoloration was determined by spectrophotometric method at 564 nm. The dye removal percentages were 96.7% with P. chrysosporium and 99.7% with P. cinnabarinus

Causas de extracción dental en un centro de salud de la sierra de Zongolica

Introduction: the extraction of dental organs is one of the procedures that is most frequently performed in a dentistry office, several factors influence this to happen, it has been shown that tooth decay and periodontal diseases are the main causes of tooth loss. The procedure consists of separating the dental alveolus joint, which is made up of the gum, bone, tooth and periodontium, tearing the periodontium in its entirety. Objective: determine the causes of extraction of dental organs in the Dentistry service of a Health Center of the Sierra de Zongolica, in the period January 2015 to December 2019. Methodological strategies: descriptive and cross-sectional quantitative study, which included the extractions of dental organs that were carried out by the Dentistry service in a Health Center of the Sierra de Zongolica that belongs to the municipality of Astacinga. Results. 599 extractions were performed, 236 primary and 363 permanent in 483 users of which 305 were women, which represented 63.1%. Discussion: oral health as an integral part of general health is still far away, curative activity continues to be prioritized in the place of preventive activities, in the results it can be observed that people arrive late to a dental consultation with the diagnosis of retained tooth root. Conclusion: the first lower molars in the permanent dentition were the most affected while the upper anterior central incisors in the primary organs.Introducción: la extracción de órganos dentarios es uno de los procedimientos que se realiza con mayor frecuencia en un consultorio de Odontología, varios factores influyen en que esto suceda, se ha demostrado que la caries dental y enfermedades periodontales son las principales causas de pérdida de dientes. El procedimiento consiste en separar la articulación alveolo dentaria que está formada por encía, hueso, diente y periodonto desgarrando el periodonto en su totalidad. Objetivo: determinar las causas de extracción de órganos dentales en el servicio de Odontología de un Centro de Salud de la Sierra de Zongolica, en el periodo enero 2015 diciembre 2019. Estrategias metodológicas: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo y trasversal, que incluyó las extracciones de órganos dentales que se realizaron por el servicio de Odontología en un Centro de Salud de la Sierra de Zongolica que pertenece al municipio de Astacinga. Resultados: se realizaron 599 extracciones, 236 primarios y 363 permanentes en 483 usuarios de las que 305 fueron mujeres lo que representó el 63.1%. Discusión: la salud bucal como parte integral de la salud general aún se encuentra lejos, se sigue priorizando la actividad curativa en lugar de actividades preventivas, en los resultados se puede observar que las personas llegan tardíamente a consulta odontológica con el diagnóstico de raíz dental retenida. Conclusión: los primeros molares inferiores en la dentición permanente fueron los más afectado mientras que los incisivos centrales anteriores superiores en los órganos primarios

Forest biomass density across large climate gradients in northern South America is related to water availability but not with temperature

Understanding and predicting the likely response of ecosystems to climate change are crucial challenges for ecology and for conservation biology. Nowhere is this challenge greater than in the tropics as these forests store more than half the total atmospheric carbon stock in their biomass. Biomass is determined by the balance between biomass inputs (i.e., growth) and outputs (mortality). We can expect therefore that conditions that favor high growth rates, such as abundant water supply, warmth, and nutrient-rich soils will tend to correlate with high biomass stocks. Our main objective is to describe the patterns of above ground biomass (AGB) stocks across major tropical forests across climatic gradients in Northwestern South America. We gathered data from 200 plots across the region, at elevations ranging between 0 to 3400 m. We estimated AGB based on allometric equations and values for stem density, basal area, and wood density weighted by basal area at the plotlevel. We used two groups of climatic variables, namely mean annual temperature and actual evapotranspiration as surrogates of environmental energy, and annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality, and water availability as surrogates of water availability. We found that AGB is more closely related to water availability variables than to energy variables. In northwest South America, water availability influences carbon stocks principally by determining stand structure, i.e. basal area. When water deficits increase in tropical forests we can expect negative impact on biomass and hence carbon storage

Performance of standardised colposcopy to detect cervical precancer and cancer for triage of women testing positive for human papillomavirus : results from the ESTAMPA multicentric screening study

Correspondence to: Dr Joan Valls, Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 69366, France. [email protected]. Colposcopy, currently included in WHO recommendations as an option to triage human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women, remains as the reference standard to guide both biopsy for confirmation of cervical precancer and cancer and treatment approaches. We aim to evaluate the performance of colposcopy to detect cervical precancer and cancer for triage in HPV-positive women. Methods. This cross-sectional, multicentric screening study was conducted at 12 centres (including primary and secondary care centres, hospitals, laboratories, and universities) in Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). Eligible women were aged 30–64 years, sexually active, did not have a history of cervical cancer or treatment for cervical precancer or a hysterectomy, and were not planning to move outside of the study area. Women were screened with HPV DNA testing and cytology. HPV-positive women were referred to colposcopy using a standardised protocol, including biopsy collection of observed lesions, endocervical sampling for transformation zone (TZ) type 3, and treatment as needed. Women with initial normal colposcopy or no high-grade cervical lesions on histology (less than cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] grade 2) were recalled after 18 months for another HPV test to complete disease ascertainment; HPV-positive women were referred for a second colposcopy with biopsy and treatment as needed. Diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy was assessed by considering a positive test result when the colposcopic impression at the initial colposcopy was positive minor, positive major, or suspected cancer, and was considered negative otherwise. The main study outcome was histologically confirmed CIN3+ (defined as grade 3 or worse) detected at the initial visit or 18-month visit. Findings. Between Dec 12, 2012, and Dec 3, 2021, 42 502 women were recruited, and 5985 (14·1%) tested positive for HPV. 4499 participants with complete disease ascertainment and follow-up were included in the analysis, with a median age of 40·6 years (IQR 34·7–49·9). CIN3+ was detected in 669 (14·9%) of 4499 women at the initial visit or 18-month visit (3530 [78·5%] negative or CIN1, 300 [6·7%] CIN2, 616 [13·7%] CIN3, and 53 [1·2%] cancers). Sensitivity was 91·2% (95% CI 88·9–93·2) for CIN3+, whereas specificity was 50·1% (48·5–51·8) for less than CIN2 and 47·1% (45·5–48·7) for less than CIN3. Sensitivity for CIN3+ significantly decreased in older women (93·5% [95% CI 91·3–95·3] in those aged 30–49 years vs 77·6% [68·6–85·0] in those aged 50–65 years; p<0·0001), whereas specificity for less than CIN2 significantly increased (45·7% [43·8–47·6] vs 61·8% [58·7–64·8]; p<0·0001). Sensitivity for CIN3+ was also significantly lower in women with negative cytology than in those with abnormal cytology (p<0·0001). Interpretation. Colposcopy is accurate for CIN3+ detection in HPV-positive women. These results reflect ESTAMPA efforts in an 18-month follow-up strategy to maximise disease detection with an internationally validated clinical management protocol and regular training, including quality improvement practices. We showed that colposcopy can be optimised with proper standardisation to be used as triage in HPV-positive women.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPrograma Paraguayo para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología. Proyectos de investigación y desarrollo14-INV-036PINV18-25

Multicentric study of cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus testing and assessment of triage methods in Latin America : the ESTAMPA screening study protocol

Q1Q1Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is replacing cytology in primary screening. Its limited specificity demands using a second (triage) test to better identify women at high-risk of cervical disease. Cytology represents the immediate triage but its low sensitivity might hamper HPV testing sensitivity, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where cytology performance has been suboptimal. The ESTAMPA (EStudio multicéntrico de TAMizaje y triaje de cáncer de cuello uterino con pruebas del virus del PApiloma humano; Spanish acronym) study will: (1) evaluate the performance of different triage techniques to detect cervical precancer and (2) inform on how to implement HPV-based screening programmes in LMIC. Methods and analysis Women aged 30–64 years are screened with HPV testing and Pap across 12 study centres in Latin America. Screened positives have colposcopy with biopsy and treatment of lesions. Women with no evident disease are recalled 18 months later for another HPV test; those HPV-positive undergo colposcopy with biopsy and treatment as needed. Biological specimens are collected in different visits for triage testing, which is not used for clinical management. The study outcome is histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial or worse lesions (HSIL+) under the lower anogenital squamous terminology. About 50 000 women will be screened and 500 HSIL+ cases detected (at initial and 18 months screening). Performance measures (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of triage techniques to detect HSIL+ will be estimated and compared with adjustment by age and study centre. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), of the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) and by those in each participating centre. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) has been established to monitor progress of the study, assure participant safety, advice on scientific conduct and analysis and suggest protocol improvements. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings. Trial registration number NCT01881659Revista Internacional - Indexad

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed