Valoración ética de los reality shows "combate" y "esto es guerra" por parte de los alumnos de 5to año de secundaria de la I.E 80010 Ricardo palma - Trujillo 2016

Debido a la gran acogida de los denominados Reality shows: “Combate” y “Esto es guerra” entre los adolescentes y jóvenes en el Perú, y la polémica que gira entorno a estos debido a sus contenidos y excesos en horarios de protección al menor, decidimos realizar este estudio para conocer cuál es la valoración ética de esos reality shows por parte de un grupo de estudiantes. La presente investigación se realizó en la I.E 80010 Ricardo Palma – Trujillo 2016, con los alumnos de 5to año de secundaria en base a sus opiniones, prácticas éticas y valores que deben existir en toda sociedad. Se pretende indagar si valoran lo que se les muestra en estos espacios televisivos, es decir, si consideran que son positivos o negativos. Para obtener ese hallazgo aplicamos como instrumento un cuestionario de 17 preguntas a 117 alumnos, que fueron nuestra muestra, buscamos el perfil de consumo televisivo, y sus preferencias por estos reality; la valoración ética con respecto a los mismos y en qué se justifica esta valoración. Los resultados del procesamiento de datos en el programa Excel detallan que la mayoría de nuestra población de estudio tiene una valoración ética negativa respecto a estos reality show; sobre todo, por el más sintonizado entre ellos, como es “Esto es Guerra”. Además de que no rescatan ningún valor en los mismos y consideran que cometen excesos y no respetan ninguna norma dentro de la televisión.Due to the great reception of the so-called Reality shows: ""Combate"" and ""Esto es Guerra"", between teenagers and younger people in Peru, and the controversy surrounding these due to their contents and excesses in child protection schedules, we decided to carry out this study to know what ethical valuation of these reality shows, by a group of students. This research was carried out in I.E 80010 Ricardo Palma - Trujillo 2016, with students of 5th year of high school based on their opinions, ethical practices and values that must exist in whole society. It is intended to inquire if they value what is shown to them in these television spaces, that is, if they consider that they are positive or negative. To achieve this finding, we applied as an instrument a questionnaire of 17 questions to 117 students, who were our sample, we look for the profile of television consumption, and their preferences for these reality; the ethical valuation with respect to them and how this valuation is justified. The results of data processing in Excel program detail that the majority of our study population has a negative ethical assessment regarding these reality shows; specially, by the most tuned among them, that is ""Esto es guerra"". In addition, they do not rescue any value in the same and consider that they commit excesses and do not respect any norm within the television

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition.

International audienceThe Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition--in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden--is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field