Las bibliotecas de los hospitales públicos en España. Un análisis económico

ResumenIntroducciónEn el campo de la salud, el constante aumento de la producción científica, el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y el incremento en los costes de las publicaciones hacen a las bibliotecas fundamentales en la asistencia, docencia e investigación. En España se perciben deficiencias en las bibliotecas hospitalarias y se desconoce su coste. Por ello, este trabajo analizar el coste de las bibliotecas de hospitales públicos en España y estima el coste de adaptación a estándares internacionales.MétodosEstudio transversal mediante encuesta dirigida a las bibliotecas de los hospitales públicos mayores de 100 camas, o menores con acreditación docente. La información sobre las variables de interés fue recogida mediante un cuestionario enviado a las bibliotecas por correo con seguimiento telefónico. La recogida de datos finalizó en 1996. La información sobre costes se refiere al año 1994. Para examinar el efecto de la imprecisión en las estimaciones y asunciones se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad.ResultadosSe identificaron 314 hospitales, de los cuales 211 (67,2%) tienen biblioteca. El coste de las 211 bibliotecas fue de 3.060 millones de pesetas (coste medio: 14,5 millones de pesetas). Los costes de personal son la partida más importante (38% del total) seguidos del coste de suscripciones (29%). El coste de las bibliotecas hospitalarias supuso el 0,08% del gasto sanitario público nacional. Corregir las infradotaciones, según estándares internacionales, supondría unos 400 millones de pesetas adicionales el primer año (0,01% del gasto sanitario público).ConclusionesEl coste de las bibliotecas hospitalarias supone una pequeña fracción del gasto sanitario público. La corrección de las deficiencias observadas y la relevancia de las bibliotecas en el sistema sanitario requerirían incrementar el gasto hasta casi el 0,1% del gasto sanitario público.SummaryBackgroundThe continuous increase in scientific knowledge in the health field, the development of new technologies and the rising cost of publications means that libraries are essential for patient care, medical education and research. In Spain some deficiencies have been seen in hospital libraries, and their cost is unknown.ObjectiveTo analyze the cost of public hospital libraries in Spain and to estimate the cost of adapting them to international standards.MethodsCross-sectional survey of public hospitals larger than 100 beds, or smaller public hospitals with teaching accreditation. Information on the variables of interest was collected by questionnaire mailed to the libraries and followed up by telephone. Data collection was completed in 1996. The information on costs is for 1994. A sensitivity analysis was done to examine the effects of imprecise estimates and assumptions.ResultsOf the 314 hospitals identified, 211 (67.2%) had libraries. The 1994 cost of the of the 211 libraries was 3,060 million pesetas (mean cost: 14.5 million pesetas). Personnel costs were the most important item (38% of the total), followed by the cost of subscriptions (29%). The cost of hospital libraries represented 0.08% of national public expenditures on health. The cost of correcting inadequacies in accordance with international standards would increase spending by about 400 million pesetas the first year (0.01% of public spending on health).ConclusionsThe cost of hospital libraries represents only a small fraction of public spending on health. Correction of the observed deficiencies and the importance of libraries in the health system would require increasing spending to about 0.1% of public spending on health

UWB Doublet Generation Employing Cross-Phase Modulation in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach Zehnder Interferometer

In this paper, a novel method to generate ultrawideband (UWB) doublets is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is based on exploiting the cross-phase modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The key component is an integrated SOA Mach-Zehnder interferometer pumped with an optical carrier modulated by a Gaussian pulse. The transfer function of the nonlinear conversion process leads to the generation of UWB doublet pulses by tuning the SOA currents to different values.This work was supported in part by national projects TEC2010-21303-C04-02 and TEC2011-26642 under the responsibility of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, by projects FEDER UPVOV08-3E-008 and UPVOV10-3E-492, and by the Generalitat Valenciana under the Research Excellency Award Program GVA PROMETEO 2013/012 Next Generation Microwave Photonic technologies. Corresponding author: J. Mora (e-mail: [email protected]).Moreno, V.; Rius Mercado, M.; Mora Almerich, J.; Muriel, M.; Capmany Francoy, J. (2013). UWB Doublet Generation Employing Cross-Phase Modulation in a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach Zehnder Interferometer. IEEE Photonics Journal. 5(6):7101106-7101106. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2288295S710110671011065

Tolerancia a diferentes factores antinutritivos en lechones alimentados con guisantes de invierno (Pisum sativum) y alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en la fase estárter

Se realizaron dos ensayos para evaluar el efecto de dietas con diferentes niveles de factores antinutritivos: inhibidores de tripsina y quimotripsina (UTI, UQI respectivamente, como unidades) de guisantes de invierno y ¿Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine de alberjón, en el rendimiento de lechones durante el periodo estárter. En cada uno se utilizaron 192 machos castrados, híbridos Duroc x (Large-White x Landrace), con 11,23 y 11,55 kg de peso medio respectivamente, e igual diseño: cuatro tratamientos y ocho réplicas cada una de seis lechones. Los tratamientos del Ensayo 1 fueron: Control: harina de soja 47 y soja extrusionada (0,97 UTI-1,94 UQI/mg de pienso); P-CAR: soja extrusionada y guisante Cartouche (1,62 UTI-3,16 UQI/mg de pienso); P-ICE: soja extrusionada y guisante Iceberg (3,09 UTI-4,95 UQI/mg de pienso); P-LUN: soja extrusionada y guisante Luna (3,19 UTI-5,56 UQI/mg de pienso). Los lechones del tratamiento P-CAR crecieron significativamente más que el resto, con igual consumo y conversión. No hubo diferencias entre Control, P-ICE y P-LUN. El pienso del Ensayo 2 incluía diferentes niveles de alberjón: 0%, 5%, 15% y 25%, y en consecuencia de ¿Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (1,52% del grano). Los lechones del tratamiento 5% comieron y crecieron más, con igual conversión que los del tratamiento 0%. El rendimiento empeoró con porcentajes del 15% o mayores. Se concluye que lechones de 40 a 61 días de vida mantienen o mejoran el rendimiento con la ingesta de inhibidores de proteasas que exceden 3,28 y 2,86 veces, UTI y UQI respectivamente, los de una dieta de soja, y que la inclusión de 5% de alberjón en el pienso aumenta el consumo y el crecimiento. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with different levels of anti-nutritional factors: trypsin (TIU) and chymotrypsin (CIU) inhibitors units of peas and ¿Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (GEC) of narbon vetch, in productive performance of pigs from 40 to 61 days of age. 192 barrows were used in each test, Duroc hybrid x (Large White x Landrace), with 11.23 and 11.55 kg body weight respectively, and the same experimental design: four treatments and eight replicates with six piglets in each case. In trial 1 treatments were: Control: soybean meal 47 and soybean extruded (0.97 TIU-1.94 CIU/mg feed); P-CAR: soybean extruded and pea Cartouche (1.62 TIU-3.16 CIU/mg feed); P-ICE: soybean extruded and pea Iceberg (3.09 TIU-4.95 CIU/mg feed); P-LUN: soybean extruded and pea Luna (3.19 TIU-5.56 CIU/mg feed). The piglets of P-CAR treatment grew significantly faster than the others, with the same intake and feed conversion. No significant differences between Control, P-ICE and P-LUN. In trial 2 the feedstuff had different levels of narbon vetch: 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%, and consequently of ¿Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (1.52% of the grain). The piglets that consumed the treatment of 5% had higher intake and growth, and the same conversion that piglets feeding with the treatment of 0%. The performance worsened significantly with increasing 15%. We conclude that piglets in starter period maintain or improve the performance with intake of proteases inhibitors in feedstuff that exceed 3.28 (TIU) and 2.86 (CIU) times those of a control diet, and that the inclusion of 5% of narbon vetch in feedstuff increases feed intake and growth

Anisotropic flow of charged hadrons, pions and (anti-)protons measured at high transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76 TeV

The elliptic, $v_2$, triangular, $v_3$, and quadrangular, $v_4$, azimuthal anisotropic flow coefficients are measured for unidentified charged particles, pions and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Results obtained with the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods are reported for the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ at different collision centralities and as a function of transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, out to $p_{\rm T}=20$ GeV/$c$. The observed non-zero elliptic and triangular flow depends only weakly on transverse momentum for $p_{\rm T}>8$ GeV/$c$. The small $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the difference between elliptic flow results obtained from the event plane and four-particle cumulant methods suggests a common origin of flow fluctuations up to $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$. The magnitude of the (anti-)proton elliptic and triangular flow is larger than that of pions out to at least $p_{\rm T}=8$ GeV/$c$ indicating that the particle type dependence persists out to high $p_{\rm T}$.Comment: 16 pages, 5 captioned figures, authors from page 11, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/186

Centrality dependence of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}} = 2.76 TeV

The inclusive transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) distributions of primary charged particles are measured in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta|<0.8$ as a function of event centrality in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The data are presented in the $p_{\rm T}$ range $0.15<p_{\rm T}<50$ GeV/$c$ for nine centrality intervals from 70-80% to 0-5%. The Pb-Pb spectra are presented in terms of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm{AA}}$ using a pp reference spectrum measured at the same collision energy. We observe that the suppression of high-$p_{\rm T}$ particles strongly depends on event centrality. In central collisions (0-5%) the yield is most suppressed with $R_{\rm{AA}}\approx0.13$ at $p_{\rm T}=6$-7 GeV/$c$. Above $p_{\rm T}=7$ GeV/$c$, there is a significant rise in the nuclear modification factor, which reaches $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx0.4$ for $p_{\rm T}>30$ GeV/$c$. In peripheral collisions (70-80%), the suppression is weaker with $R_{\rm{AA}} \approx 0.7$ almost independently of $p_{\rm T}$. The measured nuclear modification factors are compared to other measurements and model calculations.Comment: 17 pages, 4 captioned figures, 2 tables, authors from page 12, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/284

Measurement of charm production at central rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s=2.76\sqrt{s} = 2.76 TeV

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections of the prompt (B feed-down subtracted) charmed mesons D$^0$, D$^+$, and D$^{*+}$ in the rapidity range $|y|<0.5$, and for transverse momentum $1< p_{\rm T} <12$ GeV/$c$, were measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis exploited the hadronic decays D$^0 \rightarrow$K$\pi$, D$^+ \rightarrow$K$\pi\pi$, D$^{*+} \rightarrow$D$^0\pi$, and their charge conjugates, and was performed on a $L_{\rm int} = 1.1$ nb$^{-1}$ event sample collected in 2011 with a minimum-bias trigger. The total charm production cross section at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and at 7 TeV was evaluated by extrapolating to the full phase space the $p_{\rm T}$-differential production cross sections at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ TeV and our previous measurements at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV. The results were compared to existing measurements and to perturbative-QCD calculations. The fraction of cdbar D mesons produced in a vector state was also determined.Comment: 20 pages, 5 captioned figures, 4 tables, authors from page 15, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/307

Particle-yield modification in jet-like azimuthal di-hadron correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76 TeV

The yield of charged particles associated with high-$p_{\rm T}$ trigger particles ($8 < p_{\rm T} < 15$ GeV/$c$) is measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV relative to proton-proton collisions at the same energy. The conditional per-trigger yields are extracted from the narrow jet-like correlation peaks in azimuthal di-hadron correlations. In the 5% most central collisions, we observe that the yield of associated charged particles with transverse momenta $p_{\rm T}> 3$ GeV/$c$ on the away-side drops to about 60% of that observed in pp collisions, while on the near-side a moderate enhancement of 20-30% is found.Comment: 15 pages, 2 captioned figures, 1 table, authors from page 10, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/350

Strange particle production in proton-proton collisions at s=0.9\sqrt{s}=0.9 TeV with ALICE at the LHC

The production of mesons containing strange quarks (K$^0_s$, $\phi$) and both singly and doubly strange baryons ($\Lambda$, Anti-$\Lambda$, and $\Xi$+Anti-$\Xi$) are measured at central rapidity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 0.9 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The results are obtained from the analysis of about 250 k minimum bias events recorded in 2009. Measurements of yields (dN/dy) and transverse momentum spectra at central rapidities for inelastic pp collisions are presented. For mesons, we report yields () of 0.184 $\pm$ 0.002 stat. $\pm$ 0.006 syst. for K$^0_s$ and 0.021 $\pm$ 0.004 stat. $\pm$ 0.003 syst. for $\phi$. For baryons, we find = 0.048 $\pm$ 0.001 stat. $\pm$ 0.004 syst. for $\Lambda$, 0.047 $\pm$ 0.002 stat. $\pm$ 0.005 syst. for Anti-$\Lambda$ and 0.0101 $\pm$ 0.0020 stat. $\pm$ 0.0009 syst. for $\Xi$+Anti-$\Xi$. The results are also compared with predictions for identified particle spectra from QCD-inspired models and provide a baseline for comparisons with both future pp measurements at higher energies and heavy-ion collisions.Comment: 33 pages, 21 captioned figures, 10 tables, authors from page 28, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/387