Synthesis of magnetic fe3o4/znwo4 and fe3o4/znwo4/cevo4 nanoparticles: The photocatalytic effects on organic pollutants upon irradiation with uv-vis light

Magnetic Fe3O4/ZnWO4 and Fe3O4/ZnWO4/CeVO4 nanoparticles with different molar ratios of CeVO4 to other inorganic components were synthesized through co-precipitation with a sonochemical-assisted method. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used for the physico�chemical characterization of the obtained nanoparticles. As shown in the SEM images, the average sizes of the Fe3O4 /ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 /ZnWO4 /CeVO4 nanoparticles that formed aggregates were approximately 50�70 nm and 80�100 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of these nanoparticles was examined by measuring methylene blue degradation under visible light (assisted by H2O2). The sample with a mass ratio of 1:2:1 (Fe3O4/ZnWO4/CeVO4, S4) exhibited optimal photocatalytic performance, and thus this sample was subsequently used for the photodegradation of different organic pollutants upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. Approximately 90 and 70 degradation of methyl violet and methylene blue, respectively, was observed after visible light irradiation. Additionally, the mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction was investigated by measuring ·OH release under UV light in a system with terephthalic acid and by measuring the release of·O2 �,·OH, and hole scavengers. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Preparation of Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2/CeVO4 Nanocomposites: Investigation of Photocatalytic Effects on Organic Pollutants, Bacterial Environments, and New Potential Therapeutic Candidate Against Cancer Cells

The new nanocomposite with various molar ratios along with magnetic properties was fabricated via precipitation (assisted by ultrasonic) procedure. The photocatalytic effects of methylene blue (�90 degradation for optimized sample in 100 min) for finding the optimized sample performed under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the photo-antibacterial impacts of bacteria culture environments were found with an optimized sample that had effective destruction of bacteria in comparison to control group. The cytotoxicity properties of panc1 cells and magnetic behaviors of the obtained nanomaterials were evaluated and its IC50 was about 500 mg/L. As an initial step, the structural, morphological and magnetic characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and MAP, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) approaches. Based on SEM results, the size of nanoparticles in fabricated nanocomposite was nearly 50�70 nm for Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 and 80�100 nm for Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2/CeVO4. XRD results showed that desired nanocomposites were truly synthesized without any impurities. © Copyright © 2020 Marsooli, Rahimi-Nasrabadi, Fasihi-Ramandi, Adib, Eghbali-Arani, Ahmadi, Sohouli, Sobhani nasab, Mirhosseini, Gangali, Ehrlich and Joseph

Synthesis of magnetic fe3o4/znwo4 and fe3o4/znwo4/cevo4 nanoparticles: The photocatalytic effects on organic pollutants upon irradiation with uv-vis light

Magnetic Fe3O4/ZnWO4 and Fe3O4/ZnWO4/CeVO4 nanoparticles with different molar ratios of CeVO4 to other inorganic components were synthesized through co-precipitation with a sonochemical-assisted method. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used for the physico�chemical characterization of the obtained nanoparticles. As shown in the SEM images, the average sizes of the Fe3O4 /ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 /ZnWO4 /CeVO4 nanoparticles that formed aggregates were approximately 50�70 nm and 80�100 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of these nanoparticles was examined by measuring methylene blue degradation under visible light (assisted by H2O2). The sample with a mass ratio of 1:2:1 (Fe3O4/ZnWO4/CeVO4, S4) exhibited optimal photocatalytic performance, and thus this sample was subsequently used for the photodegradation of different organic pollutants upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. Approximately 90 and 70 degradation of methyl violet and methylene blue, respectively, was observed after visible light irradiation. Additionally, the mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction was investigated by measuring ·OH release under UV light in a system with terephthalic acid and by measuring the release of·O2 �,·OH, and hole scavengers. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49\ub74% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46\ub74–52\ub70). The TFR decreased from 4\ub77 livebirths (4\ub75–4\ub79) to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub75), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83\ub78 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197\ub72% (193\ub73–200\ub78) since 1950, from 2\ub76 billion (2\ub75–2\ub76) to 7\ub76 billion (7\ub74–7\ub79) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2\ub70%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1\ub71% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2\ub75% in 1963 to 0\ub77% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2\ub77%. The global average age increased from 26\ub76 years in 1950 to 32\ub71 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59\ub79% to 65\ub73%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1\ub70 livebirths (95% UI 0\ub79–1\ub72) in Cyprus to a high of 7\ub71 livebirths (6\ub78–7\ub74) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0\ub708 livebirths (0\ub707–0\ub709) in South Korea to 2\ub74 livebirths (2\ub72–2\ub76) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0\ub73 livebirths (0\ub73–0\ub74) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3\ub71 livebirths (3\ub70–3\ub72) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2\ub70% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Pandangan Negatif Masyarakat TerhadapnMuhammadiyah.

xi, 36 hlm.; 24 c

PROFIL KOPERASI DI ERA PASAR BEBAS: STUDI TENTANG POLA PERGESERAN ORGANISASI PRODUKSI KE KONSUMSI PADA INDUSTRI TAS DAN KOPOR DI KOPERASI INTAKO TANGGULANGIN SIDOARJO

Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada masalah (i) bagaimana profil perajin anggota Koperasi Intako di kawasan Tanggulangin? (ii) bagaimanakah gambaran perkembangan yang terjadi pada kegiatan produksi distribusi di kawasan Intako Tanggulangin? Dan (iii) bagaimanakan pergeseran yang terjadi dalam kegiatan produksi ke kegiatan konsumsi di kawasan Intako Tanggulangin? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i) mengidentifikasi kegiatan produksi dari para perajin anggota Koperasi Intako Tanggulangin; (ii) menggambarkan perkembangan yang dilakukan pada kegiatan produksi dan distribusi kawasan Intako Tanggulangin; (iii) Menggambarkan pergeseran yang terjadi dalam kegiatan prosuksi dan konsumsi dalam kaitannya dengan persaingan pasar bebas di kawasan Intako Tanggulangin. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan survey di Koperasi Intako Tanggulangin Sidoarjo. Populasinya adalah perajin anggota Koperasi Intako dengan jumlah sampel 65 orang (17,37%) dari 374 orang anggota. Data dikumpulkan dengan mewawancarai responden tersebut dan observasi kepada para perajin yang melakukan kegiatan produksi berbagai jenis barang tas dan kopor. Analisis dilakukan dengan kelakukan kategorisasi dan klasisifakasi temuan data serta dilakukan interpretasi dengan memberikan pemaknaan dan nilai penting dari tabel; menjelaskan kategori-kategori itu secara deskriptif dengan memperhatian hubungan¬-hubungan yang terdapat dalam isi tabel. Hasil dan Kesimpulan penitian ini adalah: (1) Profil Koperasi Intako. Profit Koperasi Intako (Industri Tas dan Kopor) Tanggulangin, bermodalkan awal Rp. 135 ribu pada tahun 1976 dan pada tahun 2004 mencapai Rp. 11,2 milayar. Koperasi yang beranggotakan para perajin tas dan kopor ini pada lima tahun pertama (1976-1981) terdapat semangat yang tinggi untuk bergabung di dalamnya, sampai mencapai angka tertinggi 274% pada tahun 1981. Namun pada 5 tahun terakhir (2000-2005), peningkatan bergabung menjadi anggota terjadi pada tahun 2002 dan 2003 dengan persentase tertinggi 189%. Setelah itu jumlah dan persentase anggotanya cenderung menurun. (ii) Perkembangan Usaha. Dibandingkan dengan rata-rata perkembangan usaha pada 5 tahun pertama (1976-1981) dan lima tahun terakhir (2000-2005), maka usaha pada Koperasi Intako lebih berkembang pada lima tahun pertama dengan tingkat perkembangan tertinggi mencapai 193% pada tahun 1981. sedangkan pada lima tahun terakhir peningkatan usaha tertinggi hanya mencapai angka 132% pada tahun 2004. Keuntungan SHU (Sisa Hasil Usaha) pada tiap tahunnya, yang diperoleh Koperasi Intako pada lima tahun pertama jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada lima tahun terakhir. Pada lima tahun pertama SHUnya sampai mencapai angka 60% (1977) dengan rata-rata 18% pada tiap tahunnya. Sedangkan pada lima tahun terakhir, hanya mencapai angka tertinggi 14% (2000) dan terus menurun 13% (2001), 10% (2002), 7% (2003 dan 2004). Rata-ratanya pada lima tahun terakhir juga mencapai angka 8% pada tiap tahunnya. (iii) Pergeseran Produksi ke Konsumsi. Dari hasil analisis pada lima tahun terakhir (2000-2005), kegiatan usaha Koperasi Intako telah mengalami pergeseran usaha dalam pengertian telah terjadi pengembangan usaha khususnya pada kegiatan perdagangan (kulakan) dengan angka tertinggi 69,2% pada tahun 2005. Namun pengembangan ini juga terjadi pada kegiatan produksi dengan jumlah dan persentase yang nyaris sama�meskipun dengan komposisi pelaku anggota Koperasi Intako yang agak berbeda. Adapun para perajin anggota Koperasi Intako yang terus aktif melakukan kegiatan perdagangan dan produksi ini adalah perajin pada posisi ekstrim golongan perajin kecil dan ekstrim pada golongan perajin besar. Golongan perajin kecil adalah perajin yang beromset antara Rp 1 � 25 juta pertahun sedangkan golongan perajin besar adalah perajin yang beromset lebih dari Rp. 100 juta pertahun