62 research outputs found
To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov’s valence–dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of
how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social
judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether
these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov’s methodology across
11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov’s original analysis strategy,
the valence–dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated
dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence–dominance
model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed
when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.C.L. was supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF VRG13-007);
L.M.D. was supported by ERC 647910 (KINSHIP); D.I.B. and N.I. received funding from
CONICET, Argentina; L.K., F.K. and Á. Putz were supported by the European Social
Fund (EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004; ‘Comprehensive Development for Implementing
Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of Pécs’). K.U. and E. Vergauwe were
supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P1_154911 to E.
Vergauwe). T.G. is supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
of Canada (SSHRC). M.A.V. was supported by grants 2016-T1/SOC-1395 (Comunidad
de Madrid) and PSI2017-85159-P (AEI/FEDER UE). K.B. was supported by a grant
from the National Science Centre, Poland (number 2015/19/D/HS6/00641). J. Bonick
and J.W.L. were supported by the Joep Lange Institute. G.B. was supported by the Slovak
Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0418). H.I.J. and E.S. were supported
by a French National Research Agency ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ programme grant
(ANR-15-IDEX-02). T.D.G. was supported by an Australian Government Research
Training Program Scholarship. The Raipur Group is thankful to: (1) the University
Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for the research grants received through its
SAP-DRS (Phase-III) scheme sanctioned to the School of Studies in Life Science;
and (2) the Center for Translational Chronobiology at the School of Studies in Life
Science, PRSU, Raipur, India for providing logistical support. K. Ask was supported by
a small grant from the Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. Y.Q. was
supported by grants from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5184035) and CAS
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology. N.A.C. was supported
by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (R010138018). We
acknowledge the following research assistants: J. Muriithi and J. Ngugi (United States
International University Africa); E. Adamo, D. Cafaro, V. Ciambrone, F. Dolce and E.
Tolomeo (Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro); E. De Stefano (University of Padova);
S. A. Escobar Abadia (University of Lincoln); L. E. Grimstad (Norwegian School of
Economics (NHH)); L. C. Zamora (Franklin and Marshall College); R. E. Liang and R.
C. Lo (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman); A. Short and L. Allen (Massey University, New
Zealand), A. Ateş, E. Güneş and S. Can Özdemir (Boğaziçi University); I. Pedersen and T.
Roos (Åbo Akademi University); N. Paetz (Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera);
J. Green (University of Gothenburg); M. Krainz (University of Vienna, Austria); and B.
Todorova (University of Vienna, Austria). The funders had no role in study design, data
collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.https://www.nature.com/nathumbehav/am2023BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog
A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world
A Comparative Molecular Dynamics, MM−PBSA and Thermodynamic Integration Study of Saquinavir Complexes with Wild-Type HIV-1 PR and L10I, G48V, L63P, A71V, G73S, V82A and I84V Single Mutants
A great challenge toward Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) treatment is to combat the HIV-1 virus. The major
problem of drug resistance has kept the virus one step ahead of the medical
community, and the call for more effective drugs remains as urgent as ever.
Saquinavir, the first inhibitor against HIV-1 protease, offers the most
extensive clinical data regarding resistance mutations. In this work, we
examine L10I, G48V, L63P, A71V, G73S, V82A, and I84V single mutant
HIV-1 PR strains in complexes with saquinavir to elucidate drug−protease
interactions and dynamics. A comparative analysis of these mutations at the
molecular level may lead to a deeper understanding of saquinavir resistance.
The G48V mutation induces structural changes to the protease that reflect
upon the drug’s binding affinity, as shown by MM−PBSA and
thermodynamic integration (TI) calculations (ΔΔGTI = 0.3 kcal/mol;
ΔΔGMM−PBSA = 1.2 kcal/mol). It was shown that mutations, which increase
the flexibility of the flaps (G48V, L63P, L10I) diminish binding. The preservation of hydrogen bonds of saquinavir with both the
active site and flap residues in the wild-type and certain single mutants (A71V, V82A) is also crucial for effective inhibition. It was
shown that mutations conferring major resistance (G48V, L63P, I84V) did not present these interactions. Finally, it was
indicated that a water-mediated hydrogen bond between saquinavir and Asp29 in the active site (wild-type, A71V, G73S)
facilitates a proper placement of the drug into the binding cavity that favors binding. Mutants lacking this interaction (G48V,
V82A, I84V) demonstrated reduced binding affinities. This systematic and comparative study is a contribution to the elucidation
of the drug resistance mechanism in HIV-1 PR
Binding of novel fullerene inhibitors to HIV-1 protease: insight through molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area calculations
The objectives of this study include the design
of a series of novel fullerene-based inhibitors for HIV-1
protease (HIV-1 PR), by employing two strategies that can
also be applied to the design of inhibitors for any other
target. Additionally, the interactions which contribute to
the observed exceptionally high binding free energies were
analyzed. In particular, we investigated: (1) hydrogen
bonding (H-bond) interactions between specific fullerene
derivatives and the protease, (2) the regions of HIV-1 PR
that play a significant role in binding, (3) protease changes
upon binding and (4) various contributions to the binding
free energy, in order to identify the most significant of
them. This study has been performed by employing a
docking technique, two 3D-QSAR models, molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations and the molecular mechanics
Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM–PBSA) method.
Our computed binding free energies are in satisfactory
agreement with the experimental results. The suitability of
specific fullerene derivatives as drug candidates was further enhanced, after ADMET (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties have been
estimated to be promising. The outcomes of this study
revealed important protein–ligand interaction patterns that
may lead towards the development of novel, potent HIV-1
PR inhibitors
Chronic acetaminophen exposure in pediatric acute liver failure
BACKGROUND: Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol [APAP]) is a widely used medication that can cause hepatotoxicity. We examined characteristics and outcomes of children with chronic exposure (CE) to APAP in the multinational Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) Study. METHODS: A total of 895 children enrolled from 2002 to 2009 were grouped by APAP exposure history as: CE (received multiple doses \x{2265}2 days; n = 83), single dose exposure (SE; n = 85), and no exposure (NE; n = 498). CE was the reference group for pairwise comparisons. Median values are shown. RESULTS: Patients with CE compared with those with SE were younger (3.5 vs 15.2 years, P < .0001), less likely to be female (46% vs 82%, P < .0001), and more likely to be Hispanic (25% vs 7%, P = .001), but they did not differ significantly from the NE group. At enrollment, total bilirubin was lower with CE than with NE (3.2 vs 13.1 mg/dL, P < .001). Alanine aminotransferase levels were higher with CE than with NE (2384 vs 855 IU/L, P < .0001), but lower than with SE (5140 IU/L, P < .0001). Survival without liver transplantation at 21 days was worse for CE than for SE (68% vs 92%, P = .0004) but better than for NE (49%, P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Children in the PALF study with CE had lower bilirubin and higher alanine aminotransferase than those with NE. Outcomes with CE were worse than with SE but better than with NE. Potential reasons for this outcomes advantage over non–APAP-exposed subjects should be explored
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