Relationships between the physicochemical parameters and zooplankton in Eğirdir Lake (Turkey)

The zooplankton community structure in Eğirdir Lake (Isparta-Turkey) was studied monthly throughout an annual cycle (January 2010-December 2010). The zooplankton community was represented by three main groups: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda, respectively comprised 89.62%, 7.78% and 2.60% of the total zooplankton abundance. Eğirdir Lake was dominated by the rotifera Polyarthra dolichoptera in September and October, that succeeded by cladocera Bosmina longirostris species during December. Canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) was used to relate species distribution to environmental factors. The variation in the species data was significantly (p<0.05) related to a set of environmental variables (conductivity, carbonate, pH, ammonium, organic substances, dissolved oxygen, saturation of dissolved oxygen, chloride and temperature). According to the CCA result, variables were able to explain 81.9% of the total variation suggesting a significant result. The rotifer, Asplanchna priodonta, and the crustaceans, B. longirostris and Nauplius larvae seemed to be affected by environmental gradients

The effects of physicochemical parameters on fish distribution in Eğirdir Lake, Turkey

The present study was conducted based on the fish species and physicochemical parameters of Eğirdir Lake. Sampling was carried out monthly from January through December 2010 between 9 am and 11 am. The parameters measured were water temperature, depth, secchi disk depth, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, saturation of dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, sulphate, phosphate, silica, organic substance, acid power (SBV) and chlorophyll-a. Monthly sampling was performed at four stations at different depths. Water temperature ranged from 6.9±0.5 °C in February to 26.8±0.4 °C in August. Minimum secchi disk depth recorded was 0.5 m while the maximum was 2.4 m. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.2±0.2 to 12.6±0.6 mgL^-1. The pH values ranged from 8.4 to 9.6. In this study, 15 fish species, belonging to eight families were identified. Among the 15 fish species recorded, Cyprinidae was the dominant family followed by Percidae (3%). According to detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), variables were able to explain 90% of total variation suggesting a significant result. The results showed that water temperature, dissolved oxygen and saturation of dissolved oxygen were the most important physicochemical parameters affecting fish distribution. Other physicochemical parameters of this lake did not show any significant statistical differences in determining fish distribution

The Offshoring of Production Activities in European Manufacturing

We investigate production offshoring – the relocation of production activities to locations abroad – of European firms. The analysis employs data from the European Manufacturing Survey (EMS). Offshoring activity is declining across most countries, sectors, and firm sizes between the periods 2004/06 and 2007/09. Regression analysis reveals that this decline is also significant after controlling for firm characteristics. Long-term data for Germany indicate that this decrease is part of a longer trend which already started in 2003. Despite the general decrease in offshoring, far-shoring to Asia in general and to China in particular has increased. In contrast, near-shoring to EU member states in Middle and Eastern Europe (EU-12) became less attractive. The EU-12, however, is still the most important target region for offshoring activities of European firms. The dominant motive for offshoring is the wish to reduce labour costs. Expected labour cost reductions explain offshoring to the EU-12, Asia and China in particular. Vicinity to customers and market expansion follow as a motive with a wide margin. However, in contrast to the EU-12, where the offshoring decision is solely dominated by potential labour cost savings, offshoring activities to Asia and China are also significantly related to market expansion motives

Post-Covid-19 Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Objectives The long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection on the gastrointestinal tract remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and post-COVID-19 disorders of gut-brain interaction after hospitalisation for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design GI-COVID-19 is a prospective, multicentre, controlled study. Patients with and without COVID-19 diagnosis were evaluated on hospital admission and after 1, 6 and 12 months post hospitalisation. Gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety and depression were assessed using validated questionnaires. Results The study included 2183 hospitalised patients. The primary analysis included a total of 883 patients (614 patients with COVID-19 and 269 controls) due to the exclusion of patients with pre-existing gastrointestinal symptoms and/or surgery. At enrolment, gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent among patients with COVID-19 than in the control group (59.3% vs 39.7%, p < 0.001). At the 12-month follow-up, constipation and hard stools were significantly more prevalent in controls than in patients with COVID-19 (16% vs 9.6%, p=0.019 and 17.7% vs 10.9%, p=0.011, respectively). Compared with controls, patients with COVID-19 reported higher rates of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to Rome IV criteria: 0.5% versus 3.2%, p=0.045. Factors significantly associated with IBS diagnosis included history of allergies, chronic intake of proton pump inhibitors and presence of dyspnoea. At the 6-month follow-up, the rate of patients with COVID-19 fulfilling the criteria for depression was higher than among controls. Conclusion Compared with controls, hospitalised patients with COVID-19 had fewer problems of constipation and hard stools at 12 months after acute infection. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher rates of IBS than controls

Data Descriptor : A European Multi Lake Survey dataset of environmental variables, phytoplankton pigments and cyanotoxins

Under ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic activity, which continuously challenge ecosystem resilience, an in-depth understanding of ecological processes is urgently needed. Lakes, as providers of numerous ecosystem services, face multiple stressors that threaten their functioning. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a persistent problem resulting from nutrient pollution and climate-change induced stressors, like poor transparency, increased water temperature and enhanced stratification. Consistency in data collection and analysis methods is necessary to achieve fully comparable datasets and for statistical validity, avoiding issues linked to disparate data sources. The European Multi Lake Survey (EMLS) in summer 2015 was an initiative among scientists from 27 countries to collect and analyse lake physical, chemical and biological variables in a fully standardized manner. This database includes in-situ lake variables along with nutrient, pigment and cyanotoxin data of 369 lakes in Europe, which were centrally analysed in dedicated laboratories. Publishing the EMLS methods and dataset might inspire similar initiatives to study across large geographic areas that will contribute to better understanding lake responses in a changing environment.Peer reviewe

Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect effects of temperature were the main drivers of the spatial distribution in the toxins produced by the cyanobacterial community, the toxin concentrations and toxin quota. Generalized linear models showed that a Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased with water stability. Increases in TDI were explained through a significant increase in toxin variants such as MC-YR, anatoxin and cylindrospermopsin, accompanied by a decreasing presence of MC-LR. While global warming continues, the direct and indirect effects of increased lake temperatures will drive changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins in Europe, potentially promoting selection of a few highly toxic species or strains.Peer reviewe

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L−1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature

Gümrük Müşavirliği mesleğinin tarihsel gelişimi ve Türkiye’deki Dış Ticaret işlemlerine etkileri

GÜMRÜK MÜŞAVİRLİĞİ MESLEĞİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ DIŞ TİCARET İŞLEMLERİNE ETKİLERİ Bu çalışmada 100 yıllık bir geçmişe sahip, gümrük müşavirliği mesleğinin tarihsel süreci, bugüne kadar yürürlüğe giren tüm Gümrük Kanun’larının, gümrük komisyoncuları (müşavirleri) ile ilgili maddeleri karşılaştırılarak, komisyonculuktan müşavirliğe geçiş dönemleri ve süreçleri irdelenmiştir. Araştırmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemlerinde yayınlanan gümrük komisyoncularının, gümrüklerde iş takibini çerçeve içine alan ve mesleki bir statüye kavuşmasını sağlayan 1909 tarihli Talimatname’den itibaren, bugüne kadar yürürlüğe giren 1927 tarihli meslek kanunu ile,1949, 1972, 2000 ve 2009 yıllarına ait Gümrük Kanunları karşılaştırılmış, günümüzde mesleğin geldiği nokta ile meslek mensuplarının yetki ve sorumluluklarının altı çizilmiştir. Ayrıca Meslek mensubu olabilme koşulları arasındaki tarihsel süreç içerisindeki değişim ve sınav şekil ve şartlarındaki değişim üzerinde durulmuş,donanımı yüksek düzeydeki meslek grubuna dönüşüm sağlanmıştır. Meslek , 2000’li yıllarda Avrupa Birliği mevzuatına uyumlaştırılan ve halen yürürlükte olan 4458 sayılı gümrük Kanunu ile Gümrük komisyonculuğundan Gümrük Müşavirliğine dönüştürülerek, Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinin yükünü omuzlayan önemli bir meslek grubu oldukları vurgulanmıştır. Halen yürürlükte olan Dış ticaret mevzuatımızın yaklaşık 7.000 sayfalık temel mevzuatı ve 50 ye yakın kurum ve kuruluşun iç mevzuatı , Uluslar arası düzenlemeleri içeren mevzuatlar, Serbest ticaret anlaşmaları ve diğer mevzuatlarla birlikte bir bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde gümrük müşavirlerinin sorumluluklarının büyüklüğü ortaya çıkmaktadır. Üstlenmiş oldukları hukuki ve mali sorumluluklar itibariyle bir nevi kamu hizmetini de gerçekleştiren Gümrük Müşavirlerinin mesleki örgütlenmelerinin güçlenmesi, hem gümrük müşavirliği hizmetlerinin kalitesini arttıracağı hem de mesleğin niteliğini yükselteceği ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda, gümrük müşavirlerinin meslek birimi olan Türkiye Gümrük Müşavirleri Derneklerinin, mesleğin yüklendiği sorumlulukları ve kanundan gelen yetkileri de göz önünde bulundurularak, dernek statüsü çerçevesinde yetersiz kalacağı düşüncesiyle, meslek grubunun çalışmalarının çok daha etkin hale getirilmesi için ve Türk dış ticaretinin itici gücü olabilmesi amacıyla kamu kuruluşu niteliğinde Oda olarak yapılandırılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. SUMMARY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADE OF CCUSTOMS CONSULTANCY AND ITS EFFECTS ON FOREIGN TRADE PROCEDURES IN TURKEY In this study, the historical courses of customs consultancy bearing a past of 100 years and the articles concerning customs brokers (consultants) of any Customs Codes put into affect up today are compared and their transition periods and courses are discussed. In the research, In this research, starting from the Instruction dated 1909 issued at the last periods of the Ottoman Empire and putting procedure tracking within specific frames up to the trade code dated 1927 which provided this trade to acquire a professional statute and the Customs Codes put into operation up today dated 1949, 1972, 2000 and 2009 are compared, and the point reached today by the trade and the powers and obligations of the trade holders are underlined. Furthermore this study focused on the changes and examination system within the historical process between the conditions of being able to be a Trade holder and the trade is converted into a profession of high level group. It is emphasized that this trade is converted from Customs Broker into Customs Consultant through the already current Customs Code no. 4458 in the 2000’s harmonized with the European Union Legislation and has been an important trade group which shoulders the load of foreign trade of Turkey. It has been set forth that strengthening of professional organization of Customs Consultants who render a kind of public service regarding legal and financial responsibilities they have undertaken, increases both the quality of customs consultancy services and the property of the trade. As the result of data obtained, it has been concluded that taking into consideration the trade responsibilities shouldered by Turkish Customs Consultants Associations and the powers acquired by law, supposing that the studies of the trade group shall remain inadequate, these Associations have to be organized as a Chamber with the property of public institute for the purpose of making these studies much more effective and enabling Turkish foreign trade to be a thrusting force. RESUME LE DEVELOPPEMENT HISTORIQUE DU METIER DE CONSEILLER DOUANIER ET SES EFFETS AUX DEMARCHES DE COMMERCE EXTERIEUR EN TURQUIE M. Esen Yagci MA, Division d’Economie, Département d’Economie Internationale Consultant de Thèse : Prof. Dr. Nurdan Aslan Juin 2010, 113 pages Dans cette étude, le processus historique du métier de conseiller douanier, ayant un passé de 100 ans, tous les articles des Codes des Douanes entrée en vigueur à ce jour, et les articles concernant les conseillers (commissaires) douaniers ont été comparés, et les périodes et processus de passage au conseiller douanier ont été étudiés. Dans l’étude, les codes de métier de l’année 1927 entrée en vigueur jusqu’à ce jour, à partir du Règlement de l’année 1909 assurant d’acquérir un statut professionnel en prenant dans le cadre, le suivi professionnel aux douanes des conseillers douaniers, publié pendant les périodes de l’Empire Ottoman et les Codes des Douanes des années 1949, 1972, 2000 et 2009 ont été comparés, et les pouvoirs et les responsabilités des membres du métier et le point où est arrivé le métier aujourd’hui ont été soulignés. Par ailleurs, il a été mentionné la mutation lors du processus historique entre les conditions de devenir membre du Métier, la mutation des formes et conditions d’examen, et sa transformation en un groupe de métier ayant acquéri une nomination de haut niveau. Le métier, a été transformé du Commissionnaire en Douane en Conseiller Douanier avec le Code des Douanes numéro 4458 toujours en vigueur et qui a été harmonisé à la Réglementation de l’Union Européenne dans les années 2000, et il est accentué que c’est un groupe de métier portant la charge du commerce extérieur de la Turquie. Il a été mis en évidence que la consolidation des organisations de métier des Conseillers Douaniers réalisant un genre de service public par leurs responsabilités juridiques et financières qu’ils assument, fera augmentée la qualité des services des conseillers douaniers et aussi la qualité du métier. En résultat des données obtenues, et en prenant en considération les pouvoirs venus de la loi et des responsabilités attribuées par le métier, les Associations des Conseillers Douaniers en Turquie qui est l’unité du métier des conseillers douaniers, il a été décidé qu’il est nécessaire de fonder une Chambre de qualité d’établissement public afin de devenir la force motrice du commerce extérieur Turc et d’activer encore plus les études du groupe de métier, par la pensée qu’il sera insuffisant de rester dans le cadre du statut d’association. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG DES BERUFES ZOLLBERATUNG UND EINFLÜSSE AUF DIE AUSSENHANDELSFORMALITAETEN DER TÜRKEI M.Esen Yağcı Magisterniveau, Studienrichtung für Wirtschaft, Studienfach für Internationale Wirtschaft Thesenberater: Prof.Dr.Nurdan Aslan Juni 2010, 113 Seiten In diese Studie wurde der historische Prozess des Berufes Zollberatung die eine 100 jährige Vergangenheit hat und alle bis heute in Kraft getretene Zollgesetze, Bestimmungen über die Zollvermittler (Berater) gegenübergestellt, die Übergangsperiode und Übergangsprozess von der Vermittlung zur Beratung untersucht. In dieser Studie wird ab der Ausführungsverordnung von 1909 die gegen Ende des Osmanischen Reiches veröffentlicht wurde und deren Tätigkeiten bei den Zöllen behandelt und dem ein beruflicher Status verliehen wurde und das bis heute gültige Berufsgesetz von 1927, Zollgesetze von 1949, 1972, 2000 und 2009 wurden gegenüber gestellt und der heutige Stand des Berufes und die Befugnisse und Verantwortungen der Berufsangehörigen betont. Außerdem wurden die Bedingungen zu diesem Beruf und die Änderungen innerhalb des historischen Prozesses Prüfungsarten sowie Prüfungsbedingungen behandelt und wurde zu einer Berufsgruppe umgewandelt die eine hohe Stellung hat. Dieser Beruf wurde in den 2000 er Jahren mit dem Zollgesetz 4458 das mit den Bestimmungen der Europäischen Union integriert wurden und gegenwärtig in Kraft ist vom Zollvermittler zum Zollberater umgewandelt und wurde betont, dass sie eine Berufsgruppe ist die einen wichtigen Teil der Last der Außenhandel der Türkei auf ihren Schultern trägt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass durch die Stärkung der beruflichen Organisation der Zollberater die wegen den übernommenen rechtlichen und finanziellen Verpflichtungen eine Art öffentlichen Dienst leisten die Qualität der Dienstleistungen der Zollberater erhöhen und die Eigenschaften der Berufe erhöhen. Anhand der erlangten Daten wurde mit dem Gedanken, dass die Berufseinheit der Zollberater die Türkischen Zollberatervereine in der Status von Vereinen bezüglich der übernommenen Verpflichtungen des Berufes und vom Gesetz verliehene Befugnisse nicht ausreichend ist sollte um die Arbeit der Berufsgruppe zu dem Zweck in einen effizienten Zustand bringen zu können und zum stoßenden Kraft der türkischen Außenhandel werden zu lassen sollte sie in eine Kammer mit der Eigenschaft einer Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts umstrukturiert werden