Korvpalluri visketabavust mõjutavad tegurid

http://www.ester.ee/record=b505569

Party and Party System Institutionalization: Which Comes First?

Parties and party systems are treated as separate phenomena in theory, but not in research practice. This is most clearly so in the literature on the institutionalization of party politics, where the party level and the systemic levels are often analyzed through combined fuzzy indices. We 1) propose separate indicators for measuring institutionalization at the party and at the party system level, 2) demonstrate their different dynamics in twentieth and twenty-first century European countries, and 3) investigate the direction of causality. Using a dataset that covers more than 700 elections, 800 parties, and 1,400 instances of government formation in 60 different historical party systems across 45 European countries, we find that party-level institutionalization tends to precede systemic institutionalization. The opposite pattern occurs only in a few countries

An algorithm to detect non-background signals in greenhouse gas time series from European tall tower and mountain stations

We present a statistical framework to identify regional signals in station-based CO2 time series with minimal local influence. A curve-fitting function is first applied to the detrended time series to derive a harmonic describing the annual CO2 cycle. We then combine a polynomial fit to the data with a short-term residual filter to estimate the smoothed cycle and define a seasonally adjusted noise component, equal to 2 standard deviations of the smoothed cycle about the annual cycle. Spikes in the smoothed daily data which surpass this +/- 2 sigma threshold are classified as anomalies. Examining patterns of anomalous behavior across multiple sites allows us to quantify the impacts of synoptic-scale atmospheric transport events and better understand the regional carbon cycling implications of extreme seasonal occurrences such as droughts.Peer reviewe

Elemental Composition of Natural Nanoparticles and Fine Colloids in European Forest Stream Waters and Their Role as Phosphorus Carriers

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Gottselig, N., W. Amelung, J. W. Kirchner, R. Bol, W. Eugster, S. J. Granger, C. Hernández-Crespo, et al. 2017. Elemental Composition of Natural Nanoparticles and Fine Colloids in European Forest Stream Waters and Their Role as Phosphorus Carriers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31 (10). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 1592 1607. doi:10.1002/2017gb005657, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005657. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Biogeochemical cycling of elements largely occurs in dissolved state, but many elements may also be bound to natural nanoparticles (NNP, 1-100 nm) and fine colloids (100-450 nm). We examined the hypothesis that the size and composition of stream water NNP and colloids vary systematically across Europe. To test this hypothesis, 96 stream water samples were simultaneously collected in 26 forested headwater catchments along two transects across Europe. Three size fractions (similar to 1-20 nm, >20-60 nm, and >60 nm) of NNP and fine colloids were identified with Field Flow Fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and an organic carbon detector. The results showed that NNP and fine colloids constituted between 2 +/- 5% (Si) and 53 +/- 21% (Fe; mean +/- SD) of total element concentrations, indicating a substantial contribution of particles to element transport in these European streams, especially for P and Fe. The particulate contents of Fe, Al, and organic C were correlated to their total element concentrations, but those of particulate Si, Mn, P, and Ca were not. The fine colloidal fractions >60 nm were dominated by clay minerals across all sites. The resulting element patterns of NNP <60 nm changed from North to South Europe from Fe-to Ca-dominated particles, along with associated changes in acidity, forest type, and dominant lithology.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following people in locating suitable sampling sites, contacting site operators, performing the sampling, and providing data: A. Avila Castells (Autonomous University of Barcelona), R. Batalla (University of Lleida), P. Blomkvist (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), H. Bogena (Julich Research Center), A.K. Boulet (University of Aveiro), D. Estany (University of Lleida), F. Garnier (French National Institute of Agricultural Research), H.J. Hendricks-Franssen (Research Center Julich), L. JacksonBlake (James Hutton Institute, NIVA), T. Laurila (Finnish Meteorological Institute), A. Lindroth (Lund University), M.M. Monerris (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia), M. Ottosson Lofvenius (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), I. Taberman (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), F. Wendland (Research Center Julich), T. Zetterberg (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and The Swedish Environmental Research Institute, IVL) and further unnamed contributors. The Swedish Infrastructure for Ecosystem Science (SITES) and the Swedish Integrated Monitoring, the latter financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, and ICOS Sweden have supported sampling and provided data for the Swedish sites. J.J.K. gratefully acknowledges the support from CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2013), funded by the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) with cofunding by FEDER through COMPETE. N.G. gratefully acknowledges all those who contributed to organizing and implementing the continental sampling. The raw data can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/2128/14937. This project was partly funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG KL2495/1-1).Gottselig, N.; Amelung, W.; Kirchner, J.; Bol, R.; Eugster, W.; Granger, S.; Hernández Crespo, C.... (2017). Elemental Composition of Natural Nanoparticles and Fine Colloids in European Forest Stream Waters and Their Role as Phosphorus Carriers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 31(10):1592-1607. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005657S159216073110Baken, S., Moens, C., van der Grift, B., & Smolders, E. (2016). Phosphate binding by natural iron-rich colloids in streams. Water Research, 98, 326-333. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.032Baken, S., Regelink, I. C., Comans, R. N. J., Smolders, E., & Koopmans, G. F. (2016). Iron-rich colloids as carriers of phosphorus in streams: A field-flow fractionation study. Water Research, 99, 83-90. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.060Benedetti, M. F., Van Riemsdijk, W. H., Koopal, L. K., Kinniburgh, D. G., Gooddy, D. C., & Milne, C. J. (1996). Metal ion binding by natural organic matter: From the model to the field. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(14), 2503-2513. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00113-5Binkley, D., Ice, G. G., Kaye, J., & Williams, C. A. (2004). NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS IN FOREST STREAMS OF THE UNITED STATES. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 40(5), 1277-1291. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01586.xBishop, K., Buffam, I., Erlandsson, M., Fölster, J., Laudon, H., Seibert, J., & Temnerud, J. (2008). Aqua Incognita: the unknown headwaters. Hydrological Processes, 22(8), 1239-1242. doi:10.1002/hyp.7049Bol, R., Julich, D., Brödlin, D., Siemens, J., Kaiser, K., Dippold, M. A., … Hagedorn, F. (2016). Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems-an almost blind spot in ecosystem research. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 179(4), 425-438. doi:10.1002/jpln.201600079Buffle, J., & Leppard, G. G. (1995). Characterization of Aquatic Colloids and Macromolecules. 2. Key Role of Physical Structures on Analytical Results. Environmental Science & Technology, 29(9), 2176-2184. doi:10.1021/es00009a005Celi, L., & Barberis, E. (s. f.). Abiotic stabilization of organic phosphorus in the environment. Organic phosphorus in the environment, 113-132. doi:10.1079/9780851998220.0113Dahlqvist, R., Benedetti, M. F., Andersson, K., Turner, D., Larsson, T., Stolpe, B., & Ingri, J. (2004). Association of calcium with colloidal particles and speciation of calcium in the Kalix and Amazon rivers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68(20), 4059-4075. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.007Darch, T., Blackwell, M. S. A., Hawkins, J. M. B., Haygarth, P. M., & Chadwick, D. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus in Organic Fertilizers, Soils, and Water: Implications for Water Quality. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(19), 2172-2202. doi:10.1080/10643389.2013.790752Dynesius, M., & Nilsson, C. (1994). Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of River Systems in the Northern Third of the World. Science, 266(5186), 753-762. doi:10.1126/science.266.5186.753Erickson, H. P. (2009). Size and Shape of Protein Molecules at the Nanometer Level Determined by Sedimentation, Gel Filtration, and Electron Microscopy. Biological Procedures Online, 11(1), 32-51. doi:10.1007/s12575-009-9008-xEspinosa, M., Turner, B. L., & Haygarth, P. M. (1999). Preconcentration and Separation of Trace Phosphorus Compounds in Soil Leachate. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28(5), 1497-1504. doi:10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800050015xFernández-Martínez, M., Vicca, S., Janssens, I. A., Sardans, J., Luyssaert, S., Campioli, M., … Peñuelas, J. (2014). Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance. Nature Climate Change, 4(6), 471-476. doi:10.1038/nclimate2177Giddings, J., Yang, F., & Myers, M. (1976). Flow-field-flow fractionation: a versatile new separation method. Science, 193(4259), 1244-1245. doi:10.1126/science.959835Gimbert, L. J., Andrew, K. N., Haygarth, P. M., & Worsfold, P. J. (2003). Environmental applications of flow field-flow fractionation (FIFFF). TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(9), 615-633. doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(03)01103-8Gottselig, N., Bol, R., Nischwitz, V., Vereecken, H., Amelung, W., & Klumpp, E. (2014). Distribution of Phosphorus-Containing Fine Colloids and Nanoparticles in Stream Water of a Forest Catchment. Vadose Zone Journal, 13(7), vzj2014.01.0005. doi:10.2136/vzj2014.01.0005Gottselig, N., Nischwitz, V., Meyn, T., Amelung, W., Bol, R., Halle, C., … Klumpp, E. (2017). Phosphorus Binding to Nanoparticles and Colloids in Forest Stream Waters. Vadose Zone Journal, 16(3), vzj2016.07.0064. doi:10.2136/vzj2016.07.0064Hagedorn , A. G. 2006 EG-Sicherheitsdatenblatt (Gemäß 2001/58/EG)Hart, B. T., Douglas, G. B., Beckett, R., Van Put, A., & Van Grieken, R. E. (1993). Characterization of colloidal and particulate matter transported by the magela creek system, Northern Australia. Hydrological Processes, 7(1), 105-118. doi:10.1002/hyp.3360070111Hassellöv, M., Lyvén, B., Haraldsson, C., & Sirinawin, W. (1999). Determination of Continuous Size and Trace Element Distribution of Colloidal Material in Natural Water by On-Line Coupling of Flow Field-Flow Fractionation with ICPMS. Analytical Chemistry, 71(16), 3497-3502. doi:10.1021/ac981455yHassellov, M., & von der Kammer, F. (2008). Iron Oxides as Geochemical Nanovectors for Metal Transport in Soil-River Systems. Elements, 4(6), 401-406. doi:10.2113/gselements.4.6.401Hens, M., & Merckx, R. (2001). Functional Characterization of Colloidal Phosphorus Species in the Soil Solution of Sandy Soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 35(3), 493-500. doi:10.1021/es0013576Hill, D. M., & Aplin, A. C. (2001). Role of colloids and fine particles in the transport of metals in rivers draining carbonate and silicate terrains. Limnology and Oceanography, 46(2), 331-344. doi:10.4319/lo.2001.46.2.0331Jarvie, H. P., Neal, C., Rowland, A. P., Neal, M., Morris, P. N., Lead, J. R., … Hockenhull, K. (2012). Role of riverine colloids in macronutrient and metal partitioning and transport, along an upland–lowland land-use continuum, under low-flow conditions. Science of The Total Environment, 434, 171-185. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.061Jiang, X., Bol, R., Nischwitz, V., Siebers, N., Willbold, S., Vereecken, H., … Klumpp, E. (2015). Phosphorus Containing Water Dispersible Nanoparticles in Arable Soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44(6), 1772-1781. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.02.0085Kögel-Knabner, I., & Amelung, W. (2014). Dynamics, Chemistry, and Preservation of Organic Matter in Soils. Treatise on Geochemistry, 157-215. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01012-3Krám, P., Hruška, J., & Shanley, J. B. (2012). Streamwater chemistry in three contrasting monolithologic Czech catchments. Applied Geochemistry, 27(9), 1854-1863. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.02.020Lyvén, B., Hassellöv, M., Turner, D. R., Haraldsson, C., & Andersson, K. (2003). Competition between iron- and carbon-based colloidal carriers for trace metals in a freshwater assessed using flow field-flow fractionation coupled to ICPMS. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(20), 3791-3802. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00087-5Marschner, B., & Kalbitz, K. (2003). Controls of bioavailability and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in soils. Geoderma, 113(3-4), 211-235. doi:10.1016/s0016-7061(02)00362-2Martin, J.-M., Dai, M.-H., & Cauwet, G. (1995). Significance of colloids in the biogeochemical cycling of organic carbon and trace metals in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Limnology and Oceanography, 40(1), 119-131. doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.1.0119Mattsson, T., Kortelainen, P., Laubel, A., Evans, D., Pujo-Pay, M., Räike, A., & Conan, P. (2009). Export of dissolved organic matter in relation to land use along a European climatic gradient. Science of The Total Environment, 407(6), 1967-1976. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.014Missong, A., Bol, R., Willbold, S., Siemens, J., & Klumpp, E. (2016). Phosphorus forms in forest soil colloids as revealed by liquid-state31P-NMR. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 179(2), 159-167. doi:10.1002/jpln.201500119Montalvo, D., Degryse, F., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2015). Natural Colloidal P and Its Contribution to Plant P Uptake. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(6), 3427-3434. doi:10.1021/es504643fNeubauer, E., Köhler, S. J., von der Kammer, F., Laudon, H., & Hofmann, T. (2013). Effect of pH and Stream Order on Iron and Arsenic Speciation in Boreal Catchments. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(13), 7120-7128. doi:10.1021/es401193jNeubauer, E., v.d. Kammer, F., & Hofmann, T. (2011). Influence of carrier solution ionic strength and injected sample load on retention and recovery of natural nanoparticles using Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(38), 6763-6773. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.010Nischwitz, V., & Goenaga-Infante, H. (2012). Improved sample preparation and quality control for the characterisation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreens using flow field flow fractionation on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 27(7), 1084. doi:10.1039/c2ja10387gRan, Y., Fu, J. ., Sheng, G. ., Beckett, R., & Hart, B. . (2000). Fractionation and composition of colloidal and suspended particulate materials in rivers. Chemosphere, 41(1-2), 33-43. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00387-2Regelink, I. C., Koopmans, G. F., van der Salm, C., Weng, L., & van Riemsdijk, W. H. (2013). Characterization of Colloidal Phosphorus Species in Drainage Waters from a Clay Soil Using Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Journal of Environmental Quality, 42(2), 464-473. doi:10.2134/jeq2012.0322Regelink, I. C., Voegelin, A., Weng, L., Koopmans, G. F., & Comans, R. N. J. (2014). Characterization of Colloidal Fe from Soils Using Field-Flow Fractionation and Fe K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(8), 4307-4316. doi:10.1021/es405330xRegelink, I. C., Weng, L., & van Riemsdijk, W. H. (2011). The contribution of organic and mineral colloidal nanoparticles to element transport in a podzol soil. Applied Geochemistry, 26, S241-S244. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.114RICHARDSON, C. J. (1985). Mechanisms Controlling Phosphorus Retention Capacity in Freshwater Wetlands. Science, 228(4706), 1424-1427. doi:10.1126/science.228.4706.1424Roth , C. 2011 Sicherheitsdatenblatt Gemäß Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1907/2006 RepSchmitt, D., Taylor, H. E., Aiken, G. R., Roth, D. A., & Frimmel, F. H. (2002). Influence of Natural Organic Matter on the Adsorption of Metal Ions onto Clay Minerals. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(13), 2932-2938. doi:10.1021/es010271pSix, J., Elliott, E. T., & Paustian, K. (1999). Aggregate and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics under Conventional and No-Tillage Systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63(5), 1350-1358. doi:10.2136/sssaj1999.6351350xStolpe, B., Guo, L., Shiller, A. M., & Hassellöv, M. (2010). Size and composition of colloidal organic matter and trace elements in the Mississippi River, Pearl River and the northern Gulf of Mexico, as characterized by flow field-flow fractionation. Marine Chemistry, 118(3-4), 119-128. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.11.007Tipping, E., & Hurley, M. . (1992). A unifying model of cation binding by humic substances. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(10), 3627-3641. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90158-fTombácz, E., Libor, Z., Illés, E., Majzik, A., & Klumpp, E. (2004). The role of reactive surface sites and complexation by humic acids in the interaction of clay mineral and iron oxide particles. Organic Geochemistry, 35(3), 257-267. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.11.002Trostle, K. D., Ray Runyon, J., Pohlmann, M. A., Redfield, S. E., Pelletier, J., McIntosh, J., & Chorover, J. (2016). Colloids and organic matter complexation control trace metal concentration-discharge relationships in Marshall Gulch stream waters. Water Resources Research, 52(10), 7931-7944. doi:10.1002/2016wr019072U.S. Department of Agriculture 1993 Soil survey manual, chapter 3. Selected chemical propertiesVitousek, P. (1982). Nutrient Cycling and Nutrient Use Efficiency. The American Naturalist, 119(4), 553-572. doi:10.1086/283931Wells, M. L., & Goldberg, E. D. (1991). Occurrence of small colloids in sea water. Nature, 353(6342), 342-344. doi:10.1038/353342a0Wen, L.-S., Santschi, P., Gill, G., & Paternostro, C. (1999). Estuarine trace metal distributions in Galveston Bay: importance of colloidal forms in the speciation of the dissolved phase. Marine Chemistry, 63(3-4), 185-212. doi:10.1016/s0304-4203(98)00062-0Zirkler, D., Lang, F., & Kaupenjohann, M. (2012). «Lost in filtration»—The separation of soil colloids from larger particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 399, 35-40. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.02.02

The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO2 measurements

During the summer of 2018, a widespread drought developed over Northern and Central Europe. The increase in temperature and the reduction of soil moisture have influenced carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in various ways, such as a reduction of photosynthesis, changes in ecosystem respiration, or allowing more frequent fires. In this study, we characterize the resulting perturbation of the atmospheric CO2 seasonal cycles. 2018 has a good coverage of European regions affected by drought, allowing the investigation of how ecosystem flux anomalies impacted spatial CO2 gradients between stations. This density of stations is unprecedented compared to previous drought events in 2003 and 2015, particularly thanks to the deployment of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network of atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring stations in recent years. Seasonal CO2 cycles from 48 European stations were available for 2017 and 2018.The UK sites were funded by the UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (formerly the Department of Energy and Climate Change) through contracts TRN1028/06/2015 and TRN1537/06/2018. The stations at the ClimaDat Network in Spain have received funding from the ‘la Caixa’ Foundation, under agreement 2010-002624

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: The SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80% of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50% of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56% of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90% or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr"R package-designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data-is available from CRAN. © 2021 Rafael Poyatos et al.This research was supported by the Minis-terio de Economía y Competitividad (grant no. CGL2014-55883-JIN), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant no. RTI2018-095297-J-I00), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant no. CAS16/00207), the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (grant no. SGR1001), the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers (RP)), and the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (Academia Award (JMV)). Víctor Flo was supported by the doctoral fellowship FPU15/03939 (MECD, Spain)

Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements : the SAPFLUXNET database

Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr" R package - designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data - is available from CRAN.Peer reviewe

The politics of unpredictability: Acc/secession of Crimea and the blurring of international norms.

This article focuses on prominent recent episodes where Russia has put sovereignty, the obligation to refrain (O2R) from using force, and self-determination to the test. Most recently in the Crimean context, we see that Russia’s systematic instrumental use of these norms does not contest the norms as such, but as their application becomes more contingent and arbitrary, their meaning is nevertheless blurred. We additionally explore how other justifications were applied alongside self-determination, which were all linked to interference in the internal political processes of another state, facilitating secession and incorporating part of the territory of the latter. We introduce the concept of blurring and show how the production of floating signifiers has become Russia’s preferred strategy in the international war of interpretations. This politics of unpredictability has led Russia to act in self-defence unilaterally and outside of the framework of the United Nations (UN), going against not only some of its own declared principles while following others, but also further strengthening the discursive gap with the West

GAFAM Self-Narratives

This data set contains information about texts that have been collected from the websites (blogs and news archives) of GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft) companies. The purpose of this data set is to provide a collection of materials that can be used to analyse the self-image and the social and political role that GAFAM companies convey of themselves. The texts themselves are not included in this data set so as to not infringe on the rights of their authors. Instead, the data set contains the link to the original source of the text. The data set is part of Work Package 3 of the project INCA (Increase Corporate Political Responsibility and Accountability), funded by European Union Horizon Europe Programme. Grant Agreement no. 101061653; https://inca-project.eu