Luchas de poder, conflictos en el espacio público y desigualdades de género entre escritores de graffiti

264 p.La investigación buscar explicar de forma exhaustiva todos los procesos sociales que influyen en las trayectorias de los y las escritoras de graffiti. Desde el comienzo de su actividad, el proceso de construcción identitaria como grupo social hasta el abandono de la misma. Para responder a estos interrogantes se llevaron a cabo 49 entrevistas en profundidad y 16 observaciones de escenas de graffiti, en Granada y Bilbao.La principal tesis que sostiene el conjunto de interpretaciones sobre el comportamiento del colectivo es que los y las escritoras de graffiti se comportan como jugadores de un campo social, como lo definió P. Bourdieu. Dentro de este campo social se ponen en juego dinámicas de discriminación hacía las mujeres y diferentes luchas simbólicas por imponer una determinada definición de graffiti. En base a esta premisa también se explican los diferentes niveles de implicación política del colectivo, en función de la posición relativa que ocupe cada persona en el campo del graffiti.Por último, se analiza la influencia de la facultad de Bellas Artes o las ordenanzas municipales en las dinámicas internas del colectivo. En este sentido, se concluye que las ordenanzas muy restrictivas empujan a estas personas a la realización de un graffiti rápido y menos elaborado. Respecto a las facultades, aunque no influyen en la construcción de significados, sí operan como espacios que posibilitan la ampliación de capital social entre jugadores del camp

Model linking for low-carbon transitions: Technical and conceptual challenges and best practices

Linking existing models to extend energy system and integrated assessment analysis is an increasingly common practice. Despite this, and unlike in the field of environmental and earth sciences, little attention has so far been paid to the details of it, to the trade-offs involved and the way in which the model linking affects the interpretation of the outcomes of the interlinked model system. Our aim in this paper is to first focus on a set of key technical and methodological problems that are common in model linking and suggest how these could be approached in different model linking contexts. We then further explore how model linking may affect the nature of the knowledge produced, and how this should be considered in the model linking process. Reflecting our literature driven assessment of the issues and possible solutions, we compile “a check list” to assist in the process of decision making for model linking.This research is funded by the Horizon Europe European Commission Project ‘IAM COMPACT’ (grant no. 101056306). Several of the authors have also been supported by other Horizon Europe European Commission Projects; ‘DIAMOND’ (grant no. 101081179), ‘EU-CHINA BRIDGE’ (grant no. 101137971), ENTICE (grant n. 101184775) and ‘TRANSIENCE’ (grant no. 101137606). AH was supported by the Climate Compatible Growth (CCG) program. CCG is funded by UK aid from the UK government. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone. We also thank the two reviewers for their careful reading of our paper, and for the constructive feedback they provided

An EEG correlation framework to study state anxiety and learning under uncertainty

Published on 12th February, 2026.Objective. Recent developments in computational neuroscience have shed light on the neural processes underlying altered decision-making under uncertainty in anxiety. These disruptions are partly attributed to impaired encoding of precision-weighted prediction errors (pwPEs), which guide belief updating during learning and decision-making, as described by hierarchical Bayesian models. In this paper, we introduce a gamified paradigm for collecting decision-making data, together with a framework for extracting EEG features linked to computationally relevant variables, drawing on principles from neurofeedback and brain-computer interface research. This approach aims to develop tools that target functionally meaningful brain networks involved in decision-making, with the potetntial to inform future neurofeedback interactions. Approach. Forty healthy participants performed a volatile decision-making task in a game-based, immersive environment. EEG data were analysed to identify spatial filters whose theta- and alpha-band power correlated with pwPEs and state anxiety scores. Both intra-subject (trial-wise pwPEs) and inter-subject (state anxiety) analyses were conducted to uncover distinct neural signatures. Main results. The intra-subject analysis revealed that pwPEs were significantly and positively correlated with theta power, and significantly and negatively correlated with alpha power—supporting the hypothesis that these oscillatory patterns underlie belief updating. In contrast, the inter-subject analysis showed that higher state anxiety was associated with reduced theta and increased alpha power, consistent with attenuated learning and impaired adaptation in anxious individuals. These findings align with theoretical models of hierarchical Bayesian inference and prior evidence of anxiety-related disruptions in uncertainty processing. Significance. The findings validate the proposed EEG framework for identifying neural markers related to belief updating and anxiety-related learning impairments. This approach lays the foundation for personalized neurofeedback procedures that target maladaptive decision-making in anxiety, with the added benefit of using immersive task paradigms for better engagement and translational potential for real-world applications.This research is supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program and by the BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 funded by the Spanish State Research Agency and through projects PID2020-118829RB-I00 and PRE2021-099863 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Research and Innovation

Influence of forest thinning on the soil fauna: a systematic review of current knowledge and research gaps

Key message This systematic review shows that thinning effects on soil fauna abundance and species richness vary with thinning strategy and methodological approach. Positive responses are due to improved resources and favorable microclimate conditions, whereas negative responses were mainly associated with unfavorable microclimate conditions. However, current evidence remains fragmented, highlighting the need for standardized, comprehensive experiments to draw robust conclusions and generalize management recommendations. Context As harvesting and reforestation expand to meet bio-economy and renewable energy demands, forests face increasing pressure from both unsustainable practices and climate change. Forest thinning, widely used across many regions, alters forest structure, vegetation and microclimate, leading to cascading effects on soil biodiversity. Yet, compared to microbial communities, soil fauna remains comparatively understudied despite their diversity and central role in ecosystem functioning. Aims We conducted a systematic review to assess how forest thinning influences soil fauna. Results Only 41 articles were identified: 27 focused on macrofauna (170 observations), 20 on mesofauna (96), and 6 on microfauna (13). These experiments varied considerably in their forest thinning strategies, sampling methods and soil fauna metrics, making it difficult to conclude whether soil fauna abundance or species richness respond to thinning in a consistent way. Both positive and negative effects were reported. Reducing forest cover can lead to less favorable microclimatic conditions with cascading negative effects on soil fauna. Conversely, the resulting increase in understory vegetation biomass and diversity caused by forest opening can create more heterogeneous microhabitats and resources with cascading positive effects on soil fauna. Conclusion The observed variability in research approaches limits our mechanistic understanding of soil fauna response to thinning. We therefore emphasized recommendations for future research to improve methodological consistency and the robustness of findings.The study was supported by the \u201CExcellence Initiative of Aix Marseille University\u201D - A*Midex, a French \"Investissements d'Avenir programme\", through the \u201CMediterranean Institute for the Environmental Transition\u201D - ITEM (Grant No. AMX-19-IET-012; IMPACT-ALEP research project) and by the project \u201CHolistic management practices, modelling and monitoring for European forest soils\u201D - HoliSoils funded by the European commission (EU Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No. 101000289). We thank Dr. J. Pearce for providing English language editing services. We are grateful to Dr. Philip A. Martin and Dr. Jorge Curiel Yuste for their constructive feedback on the review methodology and for their insightful comments on the manuscript. We would also like to thank the editor and the two referees for their help in improving this article

Statistical Learning Subserves a Higher Purpose: Novelty Detection in an Information Foraging System

The accepted manuscript version of this article will be publicly available on 02/24/2026Statistical learning (SL) is typically assumed to be a core mechanism by which organisms learn covarying structures in the environment, with the main purpose of enabling predictions of expected events. Within this theoretical framework, the environment is viewed as relatively stable, and SL ‘captures’ the regularities therein through implicit unsupervised learning. Focusing primarily on language— the domain in which SL theory has been most influential—we review evidence that the environment is far from fixed: it is dynamic, in continual flux, and learners are far from passive absorbers of regularities; they interact with their environments, thereby selecting and even altering the patterns they learn from. We therefore argue for an alternative cognitive architecture, where SL instead serves as a subcomponent of an information foraging (IF) system. IF aims to detect and assimilate novel recurrent patterns in the input that deviate from randomness, for which SL supplies a baseline. The broad implications of this viewpoint and their relevance to recent debates in cognitive neuroscience are discussed.This paper was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) Grant, Project 705/20, awarded to R.F. R.F. and M.H.C. were further supported by a Binational Science Foundation (BSF) grant number 2022082. L.B. received funding within the framework of the Odysseus programme from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Project G0F3121N. The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation provided support to A.G.S. via Grant PID2020-113348GB-I00, and to J.S.M. via Grant PID2020-119131GB-I00. A.G.S. and J.S.M. were supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 and BERC 2022-2025 programs, and by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation SEV-2015-0490 and CEX2020-001010-S. J.S.M. was also supported in part by U.S. National Science Foundation grant 2043903. LLH was supported in part by a US National Science Foundation grant 1950054 and a US National Institutes of Health grant R01DC017734

Enterrando al papa Ludovisi. El apparato fúnebre de Gregorio XV en el contexto político de la Roma de los Barberini

[ES] Este artículo analiza la ceremonia fúnebre celebrada en 1624 con motivo del primer aniversario de la muerte del papa Gregorio XV en la catedral de Bolonia. La ceremonia y el apparato alegórico desplegado en el templo fueron promovidos por el cardenal-nepote Ludovico Ludovisi, sobrino del difunto papa y uno de los mayores coleccionistas de arte de su época. Este apparato efímero, con una estrategia sensible y emotiva, se centró en exaltar las virtudes y la labor llevada a cabo por el pontífice y también en tratar de promover la imagen del cardenal en los círculos de poder de la Roma de Urbano VIII. Con ello, el cardenal quería establecer un marcador visual de la memoria cultural de su tío, creando un proyecto artístico de gran esplendor material, auténtico ejemplo de la retórica barroca de la época. El artículo reconstruye el programa iconográfico del apparato fúnebre, entendido como instrumento de propaganda, relacionándolo con las fuentes literarias y gráficas contemporáneas, así como con el ambiente de nepotismo reinante en la corte papal, para comprender el significado político y religioso de esta ceremonia.[EN] This article analyses the funeral ceremony held in 1624 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the death of Pope Gregory XV in the cathedral of Bologna. The ceremony and the allegorical apparato displayed in the church were promoted by Cardinal-nephew Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of the late pope and one of the greatest art collectors of his time. This ephemeral apparato, with a sensitive and emotive strategy, focused on exalting the virtues and work carried out by the pontiff and also on trying to promote the image of the cardinal in the circles of power in the Rome of Urban VIII. In doing so, the cardinal wanted to establish a visual marker of his uncle’s cultural memory, creating an artistic project of great material splendour, an authentic example of the Baroque rhetoric of the time. The article reconstructs the iconographic programme of the funereal apparato, understood as an instrument of propaganda, relating it to contemporary literary and graphic sources, as well as to the atmosphere of nepotism prevailing at the papal court, in order to understand the political and religious significance of this ceremony.Proyecto de Investigación I+D+i "Disrupciones y continuidades en el proceso de la modernidad (siglos XVI-XIX). Un análisis pluridisciplinar (Historia, Arte, Literatura)", financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España (PID2020-114496RB-I00). Grupo (A) de Investigación del Sistema Universitario Vasco "Sociedades, Procesos, Culturas (siglos VIII-XVIII), financiado por el Gobierno Vasco (IT1465-22)

Percepción de la discriminación en Euskadi y Europa

102 p.A pesar de la trayectoria en lucha por la igualdad y la no discriminación, alcanzar una sociedad justa continúa siendo uno de los principales retos de las sociedades contemporáneas. La desigualdad y la discriminación no solo limitan el ejercicio efectivo de derechos y libertades de las personas, sino que constituyen también un obstáculo para la gestión positiva de la diversidad y la promoción de la armonía y la cohesión social. La sociedad vasca no es ajena a estas dinámicas, y de ahí que tanto las instituciones como la sociedad civil mantengan un compromiso activo en la búsqueda de una sociedad más justa y equitativa. El presente informe consta de dos bloques principales, además de una nota metodológica común. El primer bloque, elaborado por Ikuspegi, abre con un primer capítulo orientado a la definición del concepto de discriminación, así como al repaso de la legislación vigente relacionada. Se abordan, además, los principales enfoques teóricos que permiten aproximarse a este fenómeno, junto con los aspectos metodológicos que condicionan su medición. Además, se recopilan las principales referencias e investigaciones relacionadas a nivel regional, estatal y europeo, con el fin de situar la problemática en un marco comparativo más amplio. Tras este primer apartado introductorio y una nota metodológica, en el segundo capítulo elaborado por el equipo de Ikuspegi, se desarrolla un análisis comparativo de las actitudes hacia la diversidad y las percepciones acerca de la discriminación en Europa, con especial atención a las similitudes y diferencias que presenta Euskadi respecto a otros territorios europeos y al Estado español. Partiendo de las encuestas ‘Encuesta sobre Percepciones y Actitudes en torno a la Discriminación en Euskadi — EPADE 2024’ (Ikuspegi, 2025) y ‘Eurobarómetro Especial 535. Discrimination in the EU 2023’ (European Commission, 2023). En este apartado, se abordan las actitudes de la población de la Unión Europea y Euskadi hacia la diversidad y grupos sociales minoritarios, la percepción del alcance de la discriminación, las experiencias de discriminación directa, las conductas activas de defensa, así como la satisfacción respecto a los esfuerzos institucionales por la igualdad. Seguidamente, el capítulo elaborado por Mª Ángeles Cea D’Ancona profundiza en la discriminación múltiple en Euskadi a partir de los datos de la encuesta EPADE 2024, analizando la discriminación sentida y autodeclarada, poniendo de relieve cómo la combinación de múltiples identidades y factores de vulnerabilidad incide en la múltiple exposición a la discriminación

Sozietateen gaineko zerga: I+G+B jarduerengatiko kenkariaren analisi konparatiboa estatuko eta Gipuzkoako araudien artean

Fiskalitatea Estatuak ekonomian esku-hartzeko duen tresna garrantzitsuenetako bat da; izan ere, gastu publikoa finantzatzeko baliabideak lortzeaz gain, sozialki edo ekonomikoki desiragarritzat jotzen diren jokabide jakin batzuk sustatzea ahalbidetzen du. Testuinguru horretan, pizgarri fiskalak eta, bereziki, Sozietateen gaineko Zergaren kuotako kenkariak funtsezko jarduerak sustatzeko tresna estrategikoak dira, hala nola, berrikuntzarako inbertsioa, enpleguaren hazkundea edo produkzio-sarearen modernizazio teknologikoa. Dauden kenkari fiskalen artean, nabarmentzekoa da ikerketa, garapen eta berrikuntza teknologikoko (I+G+b) jarduerengatiko kenkaria, Estatuko legerian eta Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko lurralde historikoetako Foru-araudietan jasota dagoena. Zerga-figura hori pizgarri fiskal indartsua eta teknikoki konplexua da, eta hori aztertzeak aukera ematen du funtsezko gaiei heltzeko, bai zerga-zuzenbide substantiboari dagokionez, bai finantza- eta konstituzio-zuzenbideari dagokionez, bereziki Estatuaren eta Foru-araubidea duten autonomia-erkidegoen arteko eskumen fiskalen banaketari dagokionez. Lan honen xedea I+G+b kenkariaren erregulazioa Estatuko Sozietateen gaineko Zergan (urtarrilaren 17ko 27/2014 Legeak arautua) eta Gipuzkoako Sozietateen gaineko Zergan (azaroaren 27ko 2/2014 Foru Arauak arautua) ikuspegi konparatu batetik aztertzea da. Horretarako, zehatz-mehatz aztertuko dira kenkari horren funtsezko elementuak (kontzeptuak, aplikatu beharreko ehunekoak, baldintza formalak/materialak eta mugak), bai eta bi araudien arteko alde nagusiak eta Ekonomia Ituna arautzen duten printzipioekin duten bateragarritasuna ere

Statistical learning performance is impacted by a previous learning experience: A predictive eye-movement study

Available online on 6th March, 2026.Statistical learning (SL), the ability to extract recurrent patterns from sensory input, plays an important role in a range of cognitive functions. While much research has studied SL in stable artificial environments, natural inputs are rarely fixed: regularities are often probabilistic and continuously changing. A key question, therefore, is how SL unfolds under such conditions and to what extent it is shaped by learners' previous experiences. In the present study, we asked how trajectories of predictability ranging from highly structured to noisy sequences impact SL performance, and how learning in such conditions affects subsequent learning. To do so, we created a “Whack-a-Mole” game in which mole locations partially predicted subsequent mole locations, while the extent of predictability differed between blocks. In Experiment 1, predictability of mole locations increased across blocks in the first session and decreased in the second session, or vice versa. In Experiment 2, predictability followed the same trajectory in both sessions (either decreasing or increasing). Learning performance was measured using both reaction times and predictive eye movements toward target locations. Across studies, our findings reveal that learning in the second session was shaped by prior experience in the first session. Starting the second session with high predictability facilitated learning, whereas starting with low predictability hindered it, even when predictability later increased. These results suggest that learners are not passive absorbers of regularities but active information seekers, whose expectations about environmental structure impact learning. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of SL in dynamic environments.Work in this paper was supported by the Rotenshtreich Scholarship for Outstanding Doctoral Students in the Humanities, awarded by the Council for Higher Education in Israel (awarded to Naama Schwartz), by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) Grant, project 1034/23 (awarded to Noam Siegelman), by an Azrieli Early Career Faculty Fellowship (awarded to Noam Siegelman), and by ISF grant, project 705/20 (awarded to Ram Frost)