Étude des changements morphologiques d'une rivière en tresses par LiDAR aéroporté

International audienceDes levés LiDAR aéroportés multi-temporels sont utilisés pour reconstruire les changements morphologiques d'un lit en tresses suite à une crue morphogène. Ces levés ont été acquis en octobre 2008 et avril 2010 sur un linéaire de 7 km du Bès, un affluent de la Bléone dans les Préalpes du Sud. Au cours de cette période, une crue de récurrence 15 ans a été enregistrée en décembre 2009. Les deux MNT ont été soustraits pour obtenir une carte d'érosion et de dépôt. Des mesures topographiques au dGPS ont été réalisées sur des surfaces aux caractéristiques différentes pour évaluer la variabilité des erreurs dans les MNT. La carte d'érosion et de dépôt permet d'étudier les changements morphologiques à l'échelle des macroformes et de calculer un bilan sédimentaire. Ces changements morphologiques sont enfin replacés dans leur contexte historique, étudié à partir des campagnes de photographies aériennes (1948-2010) pour lier la morphologie du lit actuel avec les changements morphologiques à long terme

Surface concentration of defects at grain boundaries in sintered alumina determined by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Sintered alumina samples of grain diameters spanning from 1.2 to 4: 5 ñm have been investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. One series of samples was produced from material containing about 150 ppm impurities (mainly SiO 2 ). T he second one was made from material having about 2700 ppm of various elements (SiO 2 , MgO , CaO). Two models of positron trapping at grain boundari es are compared : The first one relates to the diffusion -limited regime ; and the other one - to the transition -limited regime of trapping. As a result the relative change of surface concentration of defects at grain boundarie s is determined. Additionally , the positron diffusion constant in bulk alumina at room temperature, D + = 0: 3 6 Ï 10 cm 2 /s, is estimated

Finite element modeling on the effect of intra-granular porosity on the dielectric properties of BaTiO 3 MLCCs

The effect of porosity on the electrical properties of BaTiO3-based MultilayerCeramic Capacitors (MLCCs) is studied. A dense ceramic prepared via powderfrom a solid-state processing route is compared against a ceramic that containsintra-granular pores from powder prepared via hydrothermal processing. Finiteelement models are created to contain intra-granular pores, solved and analyzed toshow an increase in the electric field and current density surrounding the pores.For single-pore and two intra-pore arrangements, the electric field is enhanced bya factor of~1.5 and 2.5, respectively, when compared to a fully dense (pore-free)material. For ceramics with equivalent density, the number of pores dramaticallyalters the electrical response. For a system containing 100 pores, the electric fieldcan increase at least fourfold, therefore facilitating a possible starting route forelectrical breakdown of the grain. These results are compared to the Gerson-Mar-shall model, typically used in the literature for the calculation of the breakdownstrength due to porosity. The results highlight the need to include the effect ofadjacent pore interactions. Although studied here for BaTiO3-based MLCC’s theresults are applicable to other devices based on ceramics containing porosity

Bilan sédimentaire et gestion de la recharge. De l'évaluation des enjeux à la détermination des nouvelles orientations de gestion par les forestiers dans les périmètres RTM drômois : le cas du bassin de la Drôme et ses possibilités de transposabilité.

L'homme depuis la fin du 18e siècle n'a jamais cessé de mener des actions pour lutter contre les inondations et l'érosion des berges, accroître les domaines agricoles dans les fonds de vallées, assainir les plaines alluviales, lutter contre l'érosion de

Using air photos to parameterize landscape predictors of channel wetted width

We investigated which landscape and climate-related data (including information on hydrological source of flow) were statistically significant predictors of channel wetted width (WW) across a sizeable (2200 km2) region of the UK. This was conducted specifically when flow was less than mean daily flow (MDF) and where channels are in a near natural state. Orthorectified air photos at 25 cm spatial resolution were used to measure WW, with the magnitude of the errors in these measurements quantified. We used flow information from local gauging stations to ensure that channels were below MDF for the days on which the air photos were captured. The root mean squared difference between the field and air photo measurements of WW (n = 28 sites) was small (0.14 m) in comparison to median WW (3.07 m). We created points along sections of channels visible in air photos and used a terrain model to create drainage catchments for these points and computed their catchment area (CA). We selected a subset of points (n = 472) and measured their WW from air photos, and computed landscape-related data for each of their catchments (mean slope, mean annual rainfall, land cover type, elevation) and also mean BFIHOST, a quantitative index relating to hydrological source of flow. We used a linear mixed model to predict WW by including the landscape data (including CA 0.5) as fixed effects, plus a spatial covariance function estimated by residual maximum likelihood to determine unbiased estimates of the predictors. There was no evidence for retaining the spatial covariance function. With the exception of land cover, all the predictors were statistically significant and accounted for 76% of the variance of WW. When CA 0.5 alone was used as a predictor it captured 54% of the variance. The vast majority of this difference was due to inclusion of an interaction between CA and hydrological source of flow (BFIHOST). As catchment area increases, those channels with larger mean catchment BFIHOST values (greater proportion of baseflow contribution) have narrower WW in comparison with those having smaller mean BFIHOST for the same CA. Improved predictions of channel WW (based on our findings) could be used in channel restoratio

Analysis of reach-scale elevation distribution in braided rivers: Definition of a new morphologic indicator and estimation of mean quantities

This work has been carried out within the SMART Joint Doctorate (Science forthe MAnagement of Rivers and theirTidal systems) funded with the support of the Erasmus Mundus programme of the European Union. Data of the Rees River were derived as part of UKNatural Environment Research Council grant (NE/G005427/1) awarded to PI Brasington, along with further support from the NERC Geophysical Equipmen tFacility (Loan 892) and Leverhulme Trust IAF2014-03

Modeling the interactions between river morphodynamics and riparian vegetation

The study of river-riparian vegetation interactions is an important and intriguing research field in geophysics. Vegetation is an active element of the ecological dynamics of a floodplain which interacts with the fluvial processes and affects the flow field, sediment transport, and the morphology of the river. In turn, the river provides water, sediments, nutrients, and seeds to the nearby riparian vegetation, depending on the hydrological, hydraulic, and geomorphological characteristic of the stream. In the past, the study of this complex theme was approached in two different ways. On the one hand, the subject was faced from a mainly qualitative point of view by ecologists and biogeographers. Riparian vegetation dynamics and its spatial patterns have been described and demonstrated in detail, and the key role of several fluvial processes has been shown, but no mathematical models have been proposed. On the other hand, the quantitative approach to fluvial processes, which is typical of engineers, has led to the development of several morphodynamic models. However, the biological aspect has usually been neglected, and vegetation has only been considered as a static element. In recent years, different scientific communities (ranging from ecologists to biogeographers and from geomorphologists to hydrologists and fluvial engineers) have begun to collaborate and have proposed both semiquantitative and quantitative models of river-vegetation interconnections. These models demonstrate the importance of linking fluvial morphodynamics and riparian vegetation dynamics to understand the key processes that regulate a riparian environment in order to foresee the impact of anthropogenic actions and to carefully manage and rehabilitate riparian areas. In the first part of this work, we review the main interactions between rivers and riparian vegetation, and their possible modeling. In the second part, we discuss the semiquantitative and quantitative models which have been proposed to date, considering both multi- and single-thread river

Bed material transport estimate in large gravel-bed rivers using the virtual velocity approach

This paper reports on a first attempt of using the virtual velocity approach to assess sediment mobility and transport in two wide and complex gravel-bed rivers of northern Italy. Displacement length and virtual velocity of spray-painted tracers were measured in the field. Also, the thickness of the sediment active layer during floods was measured using scour chains and post-flood morphological changes as documented by repeated survey of channel cross-sections. The effects of eight and seven floods were studied on the Tagliamento and Brenta Rivers, where 259 and 277 spray-painted areas were surveyed, respectively. In the Tagliamento River 36% of the spray-painted areas experienced partial transport, whereas in the Brenta River this accounted for 20%. Whereas, full removal/gravel deposition was observed on 37% and 26% of these areas on the Tagliamento and Brenta Rivers, respectively. The mean displacement length of particles, the thickness of the active layer and the extent of partial transport are well correlated with the dimensionless shear stress. The virtual velocity approach allowed calculation of bed material transport over a wide range of flood magnitudes. Annual coarse sediment transport was calculated up to 150 for the Tagliamento, and 30 × 103 m3 yr−1 for the Brenta. The outcomes of this work highlight the relevance of partial transport condition, as it could represent more than 70% of the total bed material transported during low-magnitude floods, and up to 40% for near-bankfull events. Results confirm that bed material load tends to be overestimated by traditional formulas

Le Plan de La veracruz avec les isles de Saint-Jean du Luz styuées aux Indes occidentales d\u27Espagne

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