Dying and Behold We Live

Law and gospel are significant themes in not only the New Testament but also in the writings of foundational Christian theologians. In terms of repaching, Paul Scott Wilson is the first homiletician to develop a theological concern with law and gospel in a manner which can be considered an explicit and fully developed law/gospel homiletic. However, it is the concern of this paper to embrace Gerhard O. Forde’s theology for preaching, in particular his understanding of the gospel as a liberating offence, while utilizing the advantages of Paul Scott Wilson’s methodology for law/gospel preaching in general

The dominating higher order vertical modes of the internal seiche in a small lake

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109901/1/lno19802550846.pd

Sympatric song variant in mountain chickadees Poecile gambeli does not reduce aggression from black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus

When habitats overlap and species compete for resources, negative interactions frequently occur. Character displacement in the form of behavioural, social or morphological divergences between closely related species can act to reduce negative interactions and often arise in regions of geographic overlap. Mountain chickadees  Poecile gambeli have an altered song structure in regions of geographic overlap with the behaviourally dominant black capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus. Similar to European and Asian tits, altered song in mountain chickadees  may decrease aggression from black-capped chickadees. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a playback study in Prince George, BC, Canada, to examine how black-capped chickadees responded to the songs of mountain chickadees recorded in regions where the two species were either sympatric or allopatric. We used principal  component analysis (PCA) to collapse behavioural response variables into a single ‘approach’ variable and a single ‘vocalisation’ variable. We then used mixed-model analysis to determine whether there was a difference in approach or vocalisation response to the two types of mountain chickadee songs (allopatric  songs and variant sympatric songs). Black-capped chickadees responded with equal intensity to both types of mountain chickadee songs, suggesting that the variant mountain chickadee songs from regions of sympatry with black-capped chickadees do not reduce heterospecific aggression. To our knowledge, this is the only instance of a character shift unassociated with reduced aggression in the family Paridae and raises interesting questions about the selective pressures leading to the evolution of this song divergence

Influence of landscape features on the microgeographic genetic structure of a resident songbird

Sherpa Romeo yellow journal. Pre-print or post-print onlyVariation in landscape features influence individual dispersal and as a result can affect both gene flow and genetic variation within and between populations. The landscape of British Columbia, Canada, is already highly heterogeneous due to natural ecological and geological transitions, but disturbance from human mediated processes has further fragmented continuous habitat, particularly in the central plateau region. In this study, we evaluated the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the genetic structure of a common resident songbird, the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Previous work revealed significant population structuring in British Columbia which could not be explained by physical barriers, so our aim was to assess the pattern of genetic structure at a microgeographic scale and determine the effect of different landscape features on genetic differentiation. A total of 399 individuals from 15 populations were genotyped for fourteen microsatellite loci revealing significant population structuring in this species. Individual and population based analyses revealed as many as nine genetic clusters with isolation in the north, the central plateau and the south. Moreover, a mixed modelling approach that accounted for non-independence of pairwise distance values revealed a significant effect of land cover and elevation resistance on genetic differentiation. These results suggest that barriers in the landscape influence dispersal which has led to the unexpectedly high levels of population isolation. Our study demonstrates theimportance of incorporating additional landscape features when interpreting patterns of population differentiation. Despite taking a microgeographic approach, our results have opened up additional questions concerning the processes influencing dispersal and gene flow at the local scale.Ye

Bulk organic geochemistry of sediments from Puyehue Lake and its watershed (Chile, 40°S) : implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 294 (2010): 56-71, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.012.Since the last deglaciation, the mid-latitudes of the southern Hemisphere have undergone considerable environmental changes. In order to better understand the response of continental ecosystems to paleoclimate changes in southern South America, we investigated the sedimentary record of Puyehue Lake, located in the western piedmont of the Andes in south-central Chile (40°S). We analyzed the elemental (C, N) and stable isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) composition of the sedimentary organic matter preserved in the lake and its watershed to estimate the relative changes in the sources of sedimentary organic carbon through space and time. The geochemical signature of the aquatic and terrestrial end-members was determined on samples of lake particulate organic matter (N/C: 0.130) and Holocene paleosols (N/C: 0.069), respectively. A simple mixing equation based on the N/C ratio of these end-members was then used to estimate the fraction of terrestrial carbon (ƒT) preserved in the lake sediments. Our approach was validated using surface sediment samples, which show a strong relation between ƒT and distance to the main rivers and to the shore. We further applied this equation to an 11.22 m long sediment core to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes in Puyehue Lake and its watershed during the last 17.9 kyr. Our data provide evidence for a first warming pulse at 17.3 cal kyr BP, which triggered a rapid increase in lake diatom productivity, lagging the start of a similar increase in sea surface temperature (SST) off Chile by 1500 years. This delay is best explained by the presence of a large glacier in the lake watershed, which delayed the response time of the terrestrial proxies and limited the concomitant expansion of the vegetation in the lake watershed (low ƒT). A second warming pulse at 12.8 cal kyr BP is inferred from an increase in lake productivity and a major expansion of the vegetation in the lake watershed, demonstrating that the Puyehue glacier had considerably retreated from the watershed. This second warming pulse is synchronous with a 2°C increase in SST off the coast of Chile, and its timing corresponds to the beginning of the Younger Dryas Chronozone. These results contribute to the mounting evidence that the climate in the mid-latitudes of the southern Hemisphere was warming during the Younger Dryas Chronozone, in agreement with the bipolar see-saw hypothesis.This research was partly supported by the Belgian OSTC project EV/12/10B "A continuous Holocene record of ENSO variability in southern Chile". S.B. is supported by a BAEF fellowship (Belgian American Educational Foundation), and by an EU Marie Curie Outgoing Fellowship under the FP6 programme

Dissolved Organic Carbon Cycling in Forested Watersheds: A Carbon Isotope Approach

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important in the acid‐base chemistry of acid‐sensitive freshwater systems; in the complexation, mobility, persistence, and toxicity of metals and other pollutants; and in lake carbon metabolism. Carbon isotopes (13C and 14C) are used to study the origin, transport, and fate of DOC in a softwater catchment in central Ontario. Precipitation, soil percolates, groundwaters, stream, beaver pond, and lake waters, and lake sediment pore water were characterized chemically and isotopically. In addition to total DOC, isotopic measurements were made on the humic and fulvic DOC fractions. The lake is a net sink for DOC. Δ14C results indicate that the turnover time of most of the DOC in streams, lakes, and wetlands is fast, less than 40 years, and on the same time scale as changes in acidic deposition. DOC in groundwaters is composed of older carbon than surface waters, indicating extensive cycling of DOC in the upper soil zone or aquifer

The effect of pH, aluminum, and chelator manipulations on the growth of acidic and circumneutral species of Asterionella

The growth rates of two diatoms, acidophilic Asterionella ralfsii and circumneutral A. formosa , were differentially affected by varying pH, Al, and EDTA in chemically defined media. Free Al ion concentration increased as pH and EDTA concentration decreased. Free trace metal ion concentration decreased as EDTA levels increased but increased by orders of magnitude upon addition of Al. pH had an overriding species specific effect on growth rate; at low pH A. ralfsii had higher growth rates than A. formosa and vice versa at high pH. For both species higher EDTA levels depressed growth rates. Moderate additions of Al generally resulted in growth stimulation. The growth rate stimulations, especially at 200 and 400 μg L −1 Al additions, correlate to increases in free trace metal ion concentrations. The EDTA-AI interaction effects on growth rate were both pH and concentration dependent: at pH 7 both species were stimulated by addition of Al at all EDTA levels (except A. ralfsii at 5.0 mM EDTA and A. formosa at 0.5 mNM EDTA); at pH 6 Al addition either stimulated or had no effect on the growth rates of both species (except at low EDTA and high Al levels); at pH 5 A. formosa did not grow and additions of 200 μg L −1 Al stimulated growth of A. ralfsii . It is likely that the effect of pH, Al, and EDTA on speciation of essential or toxic trace metals affects growth rates of these diatoms in a species specific manner.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43905/1/11270_2004_Article_BF00282626.pd

Chapter 19 Noise pollution and its impact on human health and the environment

This chapter deals with (1) the basic theory of sound propagation; (2) an overview of noise pollution problem in view of policy and standards by the World Health Organization, the United States, and the European Union; (3) noise exposure sources from aircraft, road traffic and railways, in-vehicle, work, and construction sites, and occupations, and households; (4) the noise pollution impact on human health and the biological environment; (5) modeling of regional noise-affected habitats in protected and unprotected land areas and the marine environment; (6) noise control measures and sustainability in view of sustainable building design, noise mapping, and control measures such as barriers and berms along roadsides, acoustic building materials, roadway vehicle noise source control, road surface, and pavement materials; and (7) environmental noise pollution management measures and their impact on human health