Mechanics of a gaseous film barrier to lubricant wetting of elastohydrodynamically lubricated conjunctions

Two analytical models, one based on simple hydrodynamic lubrication and the other on soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication, are presented and compared to delineate the dominant physical parameters that govern the mechanics of a gaseous film between a small droplet of lubricant and the outer race of a ball bearing. Both models are based on the balance of gravity forces, air drag forces, and air film lubrication forces and incorporate a drag coefficient C sub D and a lubrication coefficient C sub L to be determined from experiment. The soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model considers the effects of droplet deformation and solid-surface geometry; the simpler hydrodynamic lubrication (HL) model assumes that the droplet remains essentially spherical. The droplet's angular position depended primarily on the ratio of gas inertia to droplet gravity forces and on the gas Reynolds number and weakly on the ratio of droplet gravity forces to surface tension forces (Bond number) and geometric ratios for the soft EHL. An experimental configuration in which an oil droplet is supported by an air film on the rotating outer race of a ball bearing within a pressure-controlled chamber produced measurements of droplet angular position as a function of outer-race velocity droplet size and type, and chamber pressure

Transformation of Public Space into Private Space during the World Soccer Championship 2006 in Germany

In this article, the commercial use of sports venues is examined as a means to explore the commercialization and privatization of urban spaces through marketing and sponsorship at public events. It reveals how Berlin was dominated by commercialization during the World Soccer Championship 2006 in Germany in several ways

The impact of Islamic culture on public urban space in Berlin, Germany

Since decades immigrants have come to Germany and they have changed the appearance, culture and urban experience in cities and neighbourhoods in a significant way. There are certain neighbourhoods like Kreuzberg, Wedding and Neukolln in Berlin that have gained a new identity through the mix and interchange of people with different backgrounds - visible in the context of urban space. There are three main topics that will be analysed within this context: Small family businesses and their influence on their surrounding space; form and use of public space; and significant architecture types like mosques and their role for urban space

Restructuring the State - EU Police Missions and the Consequences of Discourse

The purpose is to answer the question: what are the consequences of the EU discourse on civilian crisis management for the social structures? Critical discourse analysis has been used, both as theory and as method together with social constructivism and the concepts of power and policing. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with 16 Swedish police officers with experience from EU missions were conducted and the transcribed interviews comprise the main material combined with key texts. The analysis shows that the EU discourse has had profound consequences for the social structures. It affects the identity of those working and their view of the other but more importantly it alters the social relationships, placing the EU in a situation of control versus the states the missions are assisting with a focus more on the internal security needs of the EU than of the receiving state. The discourse also affects the systems of knowledge and by taking for granted the meaning of concepts such as best European standard the officers are left with little guidance and continuity is not created. All in all, the EU is engaged in a strengthening and restructuring of the state legitimised through the discourse

Growing Mindset and Goals: A Blog Designed to Lead Intrinsic Motivation in Students

Research conducted by Dr. Carol Dweck clearly demonstrates the importance of building a foundation of growth mindset in order to build resiliency in students. Not only does this resiliency help students overcome challenges but also supports students in building lifelong skills, such as: forming and carrying out goals, receiving and utilizing feedback, and increasing intrinsic motivation in a variety of settings. The educational blog designed for this project focuses on sharing research relating to mindset theory, gifted students, goal setting, feedback, intrinsic motivation in adolescents, and curriculum materials. It also provides educators with free resources to begin implementing a combination of these practices within their own classrooms. The blog will mainly be used by upper elementary school teachers but is flexible and accessible to professionals who work within a range of ages and educational settings. The overall goal of the blog is to provide educators with easy to understand information to begin fostering growth mindset, goal setting, and feedback with upper elementary school students, while also supplying educators with materials to support these same practices

Formalizing Knowledge Creation in Inventive Project Groups. The Malleability of Formal Work Methods

This paper investigates how participants in cross-functional project groups use a formal work method in their sense making when dealing with the complexity of innovative work, especially in its inventive phase. The empirical basis of the paper is a prospective case study in which three project groups in three different companies are followed as they try to frame and solve their innovation tasks consisting in problems of a relatively general and vague character. The data are analyzed by means of a modified version of the principles of grounded theory. This means that the lessons drawn from the empirical data are guided by a relational sense making perspective in which the formal method used by the participants is seen as a technological artifact. Among the lessons learned by using this frame of reference are that a formal method may be seen as an entity with a meaning depending on the relations it is embedded in; as an enacted cue for interpretation and action; and as a non-human actor. Compared to the tradition of organizational development, these lessons represent an alternative conception of the implementation of a work method and illuminate prevailing notions about the importance of improvisation in innovation