Optimal sizing of C-type passive filters under non-sinusoidal conditions

In the literature, much attention has been focused on power system harmonics. One of its important effects is degradation of the load power factor. In this article, a C-type filter is used for reducing harmonic distortion, improving system performance, and compensating reactive power in order to improve the load power factor while taking into account economic considerations. Optimal sizing of the C-type filter parameters based on maximization of the load power factor as an objective function is determined. The total installation cost of the C-type filter and that of the conventional shunt (single-tuned) passive filter are comparatively evaluated. Background voltage and load current harmonics are taken into account. Recommendations defined in IEEE standards 519-1992 and 18-2002 are taken as the main constraints in this study. The presented design is tested using four numerical cases taken from previous publications, and the proposed filter results are compared with those of other published techniques. The results validate that the performance of the C-type passive filter as a low-pass filter is acceptable, especially in the case of lower short-circuit capacity systems. The C-type filter may achieve the same power factor with a lower total installation cost than a single-tuned passive filter

Web buckling study of the behaviour and strength of perforated steel beams with different novel web opening shapes

This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on the behaviour of perforated steel beams with closely spaced web openings. Seven specimens including two typical cellular beams (i.e. circular web openings) and five perforated beams with novel web opening shapes were tested to investigate the failure mode and load strength of the web-post between two adjacent web openings. Fourteen numerical test specimens were developed and analysed by the finite element method and the results were compared with the full scale experiments. The effect of web opening spacing/web opening depth of web-posts was studied to investigate the effective ‘strut’ action of the web-post buckling. The effect of the web opening depth/web thickness was also studied to investigate the stability (slenderness) of the web-post subjected to vertical shear load. Two hundred and twenty-fine elastic-plastic finite element analyses were then employed in a comprehensive parametric study to propose an empirical formula which predicts the ultimate vertical shear load strength of web-posts formed from the particular web opening shapes. Perforated beams with standard circular, hexagonal and elongated web openings are mostly used nowadays. Various non-standard web opening shapes are introduced through this paper. These new pioneering web opening shapes improve the structural performance of the perforated beams when examined under the web-post buckling failure mode. In addition, the manufacturing procedure of these non-standard web openings show great advantage in comparison with the manufacturing way of the more popular perforated beams with circular web openings (i.e. cellular beams)

Refinement of Techniques Metallographic Analysis of Highly Dispersed Structures

Flaws are regularly made while developing standards and technical specifications. They can come out as minor misprints, as an insufficient description of a technique. In spite the fact that the flaws are well known, it does not come to the stage of introducing changes to standards. In this paper shows that in the normative documents is necessary to clarify the requirements for metallurgical microscopes, which are used for analysis of finely-dispersed

Generalized Method of Propeller Performance Estimation 1961-1963

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