The Development of Great Muscular Vigor

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‘Parks for Sport and Recreation’ Third Phase Evaluation of Impact Research Report

Executive Summary Sport NZ develops partnerships with national sport and recreation organisations, regional sports trusts, local authorities and other relevant organisations. In conjunction with Sport NZ goals and purpose of investment, a ‘Parks for Sport and Recreation’ project was implemented in June 2010, in the form of collaborative project by Sport Waikato and Hamilton City Council (HCC), along with Wintec and University of Waikato and other relevant groups, as part of their ‘Active Communities Strategy’. The communities included in the ‘Parks for Sport and Recreation’ project were Fairfield, Crawshaw and Melville as they were identified as low socio-economic areas that each had a Sports or Recreation Park available. This project began by an attempted literature search for similar programmes and projects in other countries. Unfortunately, we were unable to find readily available, published articles on specific park, sport and recreation projects within the project time restrictions. The following is a report generated as the third phase of evaluation of the ‘Parks for Sport & Recreation’ project through participant observations in all three parks, as well as interviews with key stakeholders. This is provided to HCC to inform the assessment of project performance, effectiveness and sustainability, along with providing further recommendations for future projects of a similar nature. The three key findings of this report are: • Increased Sporting and Active Participation Participants believe that sporting and recreational activity had increased significantly in all three parks. Participants in all three parks had also experienced increased sporting recreational and more diverse physical activity, highlighting the positive impact of the project. • Increased Positive Community Perception and Engagement Participants reported an increased positive perception of use, enjoyment and vibrancy of all three parks. This included significantly increased levels of pride for each park, suggesting community ownership and buy-in, which will assist the ongoing sustainability of park changes. • Reduced Crime All three parks reported, through stakeholder and police interviews, decreased negative behaviours, vandalism and crime. Survey results indicated that stakeholders and residents believed their park was safer since the park changes were implemented. The key recommendations based on these findings are: • Increased community involvement Community involvement has been commented on by multiple stakeholders from all parks as being critical to community engagement and ongoing sustainability of project changes. Since the implementation of the project this had increased, however participants indicated that these successes could be further developed. This could be achieved through initiatives such as more community-led art which involves local community members (this could also help decrease incidences of tagging). • Increased and well-maintained facilities and equipment Stakeholder reported that increased numbers of people and groups utilising community parks, means that improved toilet and water facilities should be a part of any future initiatives. Youth focus groups and other stakeholders discussed the need for well-maintained equipment installations in community parks in order to ensure ongoing sustainability and reduced on-going costs. Method Park activities were observed in Fairfield, Crawshaw and Melville Parks at two seasonal points. These points were in November and February in order to provide observations of seasonal (spring and summer) use data. Observations were conducted through the researcher scanning particular park locations at certain time points. These observations were conducted on one-day of a weekend. Weekends were chosen due to recreation park use and time of year. It was initially planned to undertake hourly observations, however due to low user activity continual observation was undertaken at Crawshaw Park and Fairfield. Melville was kept to hourly time point notation due to large user numbers. Activities, ages and gender were noted in which to inform type of users and activities. Informal (unstructured activity such as recreational play) or formal (structured, organised activity such as sporting club practise) activities were also noted if relevant. Statistical Survey A survey was conducted at a community event for Melville and Fairfield parks whilst a residents’ survey was conducted in the case of Crawshaw Park, as no event was scheduled within the deadline constraints. These were in the form of closed-structured questions asked of participants. A 3-point Likert-scale was utilised to gain added value in response data sets, such as ‘Very important/Important/Not Important at all’. Stakeholder Interviews Qualitative interviews of stakeholders were conducted for each of the three parks. Six interviews were conducted per park. Contact details for each participant were provided by the Project Coordinator, though two were gained by ‘snow-ball’ acquisition through another provided contact. These interviews were arranged with leaders of each stakeholder group where possible and lasted between 15-30 mins each. Each interview was recorded and transcribed for later thematic analysis. Youth Focus Group A qualitative focus group was conducted with youth between the ages of 8-12yrs, who were users of Crawshaw Park. All were able to provide signed parental consent forms. This was the only focus group able to be held within time constraints. It was originally hoped that one focus group for each park would be held, however, organising participants that were also able to give consent or get parental consent within this timeframe proved impossible. This focus group lasted for approximately 30 mins with participants asked open-ended semi-structured questions. Analysis Data collected was transcribed in the case of interviews and focus group, and all data was coded, categorized and analysed to produce an informative picture of community impact of the three-park/year project. Observational data gave present use statistics. Statistical analysis was hoped to consist of correlational calculations between for instance, level of improved usage and enjoyment, with importance and pride. However, little baseline data was available in which to compare. In saying this, some informative conclusions can be drawn from observational and survey data particularly when compared to qualitative data gained. Thematic analysis was utilised for qualitative interviews and focus group. Data was coded into common themes of importance for reporting purposes. The themes were identified through issues found in the literature review and indicated levels of significance in common stakeholder opinion, of park activity, project impact, community perceptions, community engagement, ongoing sustainability, and barriers to success and sustainability of the project objectives. Ethics This project was ethically approved by Wintec’s Human Ethics in Research Committee, All interview and focus group participants were fully informed and gave written consent. The younger focus group participants all supplied parental written informed consent. Findings The findings of this report are presented below. The first section outlines features and findings of each of the three specific parks. The second section discusses features and findings common across all three parks. Lastly the third section provides concluding statements in regards to the findings

Fluid Budget of Metasedimentary Rocks from a Tertiary Accretionary Prism and Connections to Seismicity, Olympic Peninsula, Northwest Washington State

Metamorphic dehydration reactions and fluid movement in accretionary prisms have been linked to the recently discovered episodic tremor and slip (ETS) earthquake events along subduction zones, but prior studies lack the detail to effectively test the hypothesis that fluid flow triggers ETS events. I conducted field work along a 52.5 km transect on the Olympic Peninsula metasedimentary accretionary prism of the Cascadia subduction zone, and collected approximately 40 representative samples of sandstone and mudrock that were buried to 6–15 km. This depth range intersects the 10–50 km depth range of ETS events. My objectives are to quantify the water flow recorded in rocks of the Olympic Peninsula via petrographic, whole rock, and isotopic analyses to test the prediction that water release increases at ~10 km depth, creating fluid overpressure needed to trigger seismicity. I calculated that on the Olympic Peninsula 1 km3 of 50% sandstone and 50% mudrock loses ~105 kg H2O/yr during burial from 6–14 km depth, comparable to the values expected from large-scale fluid budget models. Quartz veins that compose 0.5–1% of the Obstruction Peak site (~14 km burial depth) are important records of fluid flow quantity and origin. δ18O values of +11.8‰ to +15.2‰ indicate that vein H2O originated from metamorphic reactions. Flow recorded by 1 km3 of rock containing 0.5–1% quartz veins is \u3e106 kg H2O/yr, comparable to the values 2 × 107 to 2 × 108 kg H2O/yr modeled at compositionally similar subduction zones to produce fluid overpressure conditions. I observed fibrous quartz veins, which also indicate fluid overpressure conditions were reached and support my H2O flow estimates. Therefore, Olympic Peninsula rocks at depths of ~10–14 km record dehydration and fluid overpressure large enough to trigger subduction zone seismicity

Diversification and biogeography of the one-toed horses Onohippidium and Hippidion

In this report we describe a large sample of Onohippidium galushai, new species, from the Late Hemphillian (Early Pliocene) of western Arizona, one ramus of Hippidion sp. from the Early Hemphillian (Late Miocene) of the Texas High Plains, and one ramus of cf. Hippidion sp. from the Irvingtonian (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene) of southern California. These one-toed horses were previously thought to have been confined to Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South America. Onohippidium from Arizona possesses a retracted nasal notch, deep preorbital facial fossae, and dental pattern diagnostic of South American representatives of this genus. Hippidion from Texas and California exhibit the dental characters, especially in the deep ectoflexids, seen in South American representatives of this genus. This is the first report of these horses from North America. The presence of Onohippidium and Hippidion in North America demonstrates that diversification of these endemics occurred prior to dispersal to South America during the Pleistocene great faunal interchange

Spasmodic asthma: with special reference to that variety induced by the emanations of animals

In selecting this as the subject of my Thesis, 1 have been influenced by a variety of circumstances which appeal to me as being of sufficient interest and importance. Not only is the literature on the subject, and the number of published cases of a very limited character, but it would seem that, notwithstanding the rapid advances made in medical science in recent years, our knowledge of this condition remains very much in its primitive and unsatisfactory state. This is no doubt attributable to the rarity of the condition and also to our frequently failing to recognise it as such when it does exist.Few cases have been described, and still fewer remarks have been made as to the nature of the condition since the publication of Hyde Salter's classic work on Asthma. His work still remains as the authority on the subject and is invariably quoted in our modern works with reference to it; but even it cannot be regarded with much satisfaction. The information one derives from it being limited to a few remarks admitting the existence of the condition, and a brief description of a few cases. In no instance has any attempt been made, as has been done in the case of Hay Asthma, to demonstrate the source or nature of the exciting causes of those severe paroxysms! of Spasmodic Asthma which are induced in some individuals by the presence of, or contact with, animals, and descriptions of cases have received a similar amount of recognition.It has been my fortune to meet with several cases of this peculiar variety of Spasmodic Asthma in the last few years, and to be enabled to give the subject my study and investigation.I have accordingly selected the subject and have laid before you the result of my observations, trusting that in doing so, I may merit the reward of your approval