Caracterización de los materiales de construcción y las alteraciones del muro de mampostería y el muro de hormigón de la fachada suroeste del emplazamiento “Galerías Punta Begoña”

126 p.: il.La conservación de la piedra es un factor fundamental en el mantenimiento del patrimonio construido que nos rodea. Ya desde antiguo, existen referencias que indican que la piedra empleada en construcción era objeto de diversos tratamientos en superficie para hacerla más duradera frente a los procesos de alteración. Esto muestra que siempre ha existido cierta preocupación en vistas a conseguir que los materiales constructivos resistan, de la mejor forma posible, el paso del tiempo y la exposición al medio que los rodea. Sin embargo, en el último siglo, el deterioro de la piedra utilizada en el patrimonio arquitectónico y monumental se ha acelerado de forma alarmante, debido, en gran medida, a las condiciones atmosféricas tan nocivas para los materiales generadas como resultado de la actividad antrópica y, en ocasiones, a la falta de mantenimiento periódico (García de Miguel, 2009; Alonso et al., 2013). A pesar de esto, el creciente interés social con respecto al patrimonio ha dado lugar a un cambio de percepción, y ha hecho que nos demos cuenta de que este forma parte de nuestra identidad y que es un bien que tenemos la obligación de mantener y preservar en buen estado para el resto del mundo y para las generaciones venideras como testigo de nuestra cultura. Por todo esto, y poniendo el foco especialmente sobre el patrimonio construido, son muchos investigadores e instituciones, como la International Scientific Committee for Stone – ISCS, los que, desde hace algunos años, trabajan en el área de conservación de la piedra, tratando de obtener nuevos conocimientos, difundir y hacer accesible la información científica existente, e intentar establecer una terminología temática común que evite confusión y problemas de comunicación entre las personas que se ven involucradas en el mundo de la conservación y restauración del patrimonio. De este modo, existe una base de la que partir a la hora de evaluar el estado y las afecciones que presenta un determinado elemento arquitectónico o monumental, si bien cada caso debe ser analizado de forma independiente, dado que presentará unas características únicas derivadas de factores específicos como situación geográfica, clima y usos (Ordaz y Esbert, 1988; Varios Autores, 2006; García de Miguel, 2009; ICOMOS-ISCS, 2011; Alonso et al., 2013; Damas Mollá et al., 2017). En este contexto, el elemento patrimonial que se ha seleccionado para la realización del proyecto fin de máster son las Galerías Punta Begoña (Getxo, Bizkaia), en concreto un tramo del muro de mampostería y el enlucido de hormigón de su fachada suroeste. El hecho de que este emplazamiento sea el lugar de desarrollo de uno de los proyectos más importantes desde el punto de vista patrimonial y paisajístico que está en marcha actualmente en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV) ha sido fundamental para esta elección. Esta construcción, además, forma parte de la identidad cultural y la historia del municipio de Getxo, siendo pieza fundamental de su paisaje (Díaz Morlán, 1999). La elección concreta del tramo final del muro de mampostería y el enlucido de hormigón de la fachada suroeste responde a tres circunstancias principales: 1 no presenta cubierta vegetal, lo que favorece su observación y estudio; 2 permite observar las principales alteraciones identificadas hasta el momento en los muros de mampostería y hormigón; 3 sus dimensiones permiten abordar un estudio piloto que posteriormente se amplíe al resto del muro de mampostería/hormigón. De acuerdo con los antecedentes expuestos, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es la caracterización petrográfica de los materiales de construcción utilizados y el estudio y evaluación de las afecciones que presentan en la actualidad. Este objetivo global puede desglosarse en los siguientes objetivos particulares: - Estudio petrológico de los materiales constructivos (rocas de mampostería y morteros). - “Mapping” (cartografía) de los materiales constructivos. - Identificación del origen de los materiales pétreos. - Reconocimiento y clasificación de alteraciones. - “Mapping” de las alteraciones. - Determinación de factores intrínsecos y medioambientales condicionantes de las alteraciones

The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the Mars 2020 Rover: Science Objectives and Mast-Unit Description

On the NASA 2020 rover mission to Jezero crater, the remote determination of the texture, mineralogy and chemistry of rocks is essential to quickly and thoroughly characterize an area and to optimize the selection of samples for return to Earth. As part of the Perseverance payload, SuperCam is a suite of five techniques that provide critical and complementary observations via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Time-Resolved Raman and Luminescence (TRR/L), visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VISIR), high-resolution color imaging (RMI), and acoustic recording (MIC). SuperCam operates at remote distances, primarily 2-7 m, while providing data at sub-mm to mm scales. We report on SuperCam's science objectives in the context of the Mars 2020 mission goals and ways the different techniques can address these questions. The instrument is made up of three separate subsystems: the Mast Unit is designed and built in France; the Body Unit is provided by the United States; the calibration target holder is contributed by Spain, and the targets themselves by the entire science team. This publication focuses on the design, development, and tests of the Mast Unit; companion papers describe the other units. The goal of this work is to provide an understanding of the technical choices made, the constraints that were imposed, and ultimately the validated performance of the flight model as it leaves Earth, and it will serve as the foundation for Mars operations and future processing of the data.In France was provided by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). Human resources were provided in part by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and universities. Funding was provided in the US by NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Some funding of data analyses at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was provided by laboratory-directed research and development funds

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Classification of alteration features in construction materials from Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, Bizkaia)

El estudio de las alteraciones presentes en las Galerías de Punta Begoña (Getxo) lleva implícita la problemática de la terminología a utilizar en cada uno de los aspectos a definir y el uso de vocablos adecuados. En este trabajo, se presenta una recopilación de términos de alteración a los que se les ha adjudicado una denominación alfanumérica que permite su uso de una forma rápida, concisa y específica. Además se añade mediante simbología el grado de afección de cada alteración. La utilización de esta tabla en las alteraciones presentes en el edificio de Punta Begoña permite su clasificación precisa sin la generación de dudas sobre el empleo de vocablos erróneosThe terminology to be employed for the study of the alteration of the construction materials from Punta Begoha Galleries (Getxo) is relevant in order to describe the different pathologies with appropriate words. In this paper we offer a compilation of alteration terms bearing an alphanumeric designation which allows a fast, concise and specific use. In addition, the degree of alteration is characterized by means of a convenient symbology. The use of this table for the alterations in Punta Begoña allows a precise classification of damages avoiding mistaken term

Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023

Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease

Apoptotic cell death in disease—current understanding of the NCCD 2023

Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease

Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023.

Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease

Apoptotic cell death in disease—Current understanding of the NCCD 2023

Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease