Prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria en hogares y factores asociados de dos territorios vulnerables de Santiago de Cali 2013.

La inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares (ISAH), se define como deficiencias en el acceso económico, físico y social para todas las personas, en todo momento, a alimentos suficientes, inocuos y nutritivos tanto para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias como sus preferencias alimentarias, que permitan una vida activa y saludable. Por lo que es una forma de conocer la magnitud del hambre y la malnutrición en la población. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria en hogares de dos territorios vulnerables de Santiago de Cali y sus factores asociados, se adaptó un marco de trabajo a partir del Modelo de los determinantes Sociales en Salud, para realizar un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, a partir de fuentes secundarias, que comprendían los resultados de la Tarjeta Familiar del Sistema de Información de Base Comunitaria para Atención Primaria en Salud ¿ SICAPS 2000 y su ficha anexo del proyecto ¿TIO´s¿, entre diciembre de 2012 y 2013. Se caracterizó social y demográficamente la población de estudio, mediante análisis univariado. Para describir la situación nutricional de la población de estudio, se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central y medidas de variabilidad según fue el caso. Finalmente, para identificar los posibles factores relacionados, se encontró un modelo de regresión logística múltiple, con base en el OR, se utilizó el valor de p < 0.5 y la prueba ji cuadrado para determinar la significancia estadística

Bats present of Melendez campus at Universidad del Valle, Cali-Colombia

Entre octubre de 2006 y septiembre de 2007 se capturaron murciélagos en el Campus Meléndez de la Universidad del Valle utilizando redes de niebla para describir la composición y estructura del ensamblaje de quirópteros. Durante 24 noches de muestreo (8640 horas-red), se registraron nueve especies pertenecientes a cinco familias (Emballonuridae, Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae).&amp;nbsp;Artibeus lituratus&amp;nbsp;fue la especie más abundante representando el 66% de todas las capturas, seguido de&amp;nbsp;Phyllostomus discolor&amp;nbsp;con el 13.6% y&amp;nbsp;Glossophaga soricina&amp;nbsp;con 7.8%. Los frugívoros correspondieron a la categoría con mayor número de especies y mayor abundancia registrada con el 67.8 % de las capturas. Los resultados de esta investigación confirman que el campus Meléndez de la Universidad del Valle en la ciudad de Cali se constituye en un importante reservorio para la diversidad de quirópteros que habitan esta zona urbana debido a su cobertura vegetal, presencia permanente de cuerpos de agua y oferta permanente de alimento.Between October 2006 and September 2007 bats were caught using mist nets in the Melendez Campus at Universidad delValle in order to describe the composition and assemblage structure of chiropterans. During 24 nights of sampling (8,640 mist nest-hours) nine species were recorded belonging to five families (Emballonuridae, Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae).&amp;nbsp;Artibeus lituratus&amp;nbsp;was the most abundant species accounting for 66% of all captures, followed by&amp;nbsp;Phyllostomus discolor&amp;nbsp;(13.6%) and&amp;nbsp;Glossophaga soricina&amp;nbsp;(7.8%). Frugivorous were the category with the largest number of species and the most abundant with 67.8% recorded catches. Results of this investigation confirm that the Melendez campus at Universidad del Valle constitutes an important reservoir for chiropteran diversity that live in the urban area due to its vegetative cover, permanent presence of water bodies and permanent offer of food

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Imbalance of neurotrophin receptor isoforms TrkB-FL/TrkB-T1 induces neuronal death in excitotoxicity

A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying neuronal death in cerebral ischemia is required for the development of stroke therapies. Here we analyze the contribution of the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) neurotrophin receptor to excitotoxicity, a primary pathological mechanism in ischemia, which is induced by overstimulation of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type. We demonstrate a significant modification of TrkB expression that is strongly associated with neurodegeneration in models of ischemia and in vitro excitotoxicity. Two mechanisms cooperate for TrkB dysregulation: (1) calpain-processing of full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL), high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which produces a truncated protein lacking the tyrosine-kinase domain and strikingly similar to the inactive TrkB-T1 isoform and (2) reverse regulation of the mRNA of these isoforms. Collectively, excitotoxicity results in a decrease of TrkB-FL, the production of truncated TrkB-FL and the upregulation of TrkB-T1. A similar neuro-specific increase of the TrkB-T1 isoform is also observed in stroke patients. A lentivirus designed for both neuro-specific TrkB-T1 interference and increased TrkB-FL expression allows recovery of the TrkB-FL/TrkB-T1 balance and protects neurons from excitotoxic death. These data implicate a combination of TrkB-FL downregulation and TrkB-T1 upregulation as significant causes of neuronal death in excitotoxicity, and reveal novel targets for the design of stroke therapies

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition

The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely to be hyperdominant than non-domesticated species. Across the basin the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increases in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples

Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come