Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on Redroot Pigweed on Sesame under salt stress

The aim of this research was investigated of arbuscula rmycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mossea) on redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) andSesame (Sesamum indicum) Darab cultivar competition under salt stress The greenhouse experiment was laid out as a factorial based on randomized complete design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran in 2015. The treatments were consisted of salt stress (S0=water as control, S1=0.8, S2= 7 and S3=14 ds/m Of NaCl+CaCl2), fungi (F0: control without inoculation, F1: inoculation with Glomus mossea) and redroot pigweed (W0: weed free, w1: weedy). The results showed that interactions effect of different levels of salt stress, mycorrhizal fungi and weed on Sesame physiological traits was significant (P<0.01). Mean comparison showed that increasing of salt stress decreased grain yield, plant height and leaf area index significantly. Maximum value of all traits achieved by S1F1W0 treatment. Application of 14 ds/m salt stress stopped redroot pigweed growth, while this treatment increased inoculation of Sesame root with mycorrhizal fungi under severe salinity. Thereby, it showed a better performance on all traits. In general, it seems that application of mycorrhizal fungi can improve morphological and agronomic characteristics of Sesame by increasing nutrient uptake comparison with redroot pigweed. Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation showed significantly increased on all traits compared to non-inoculation plants under different salinity levels. Therefore, the highest biomass and plant height in Sesame were obtained from the inoculation with Glomus mossea. Results also indicated that weed biomass and height decreased by increasing salinity stress in non-inoculated treatments. Based on our results, mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the negative effects on weed competition in Sesame through increasing of plant growth under salinity stress conditions

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Summary Background Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and the economic costs of treatment and post-stroke care are substantial. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic, comparable method of quantifying health loss by disease, age, sex, year, and location to provide information to health systems and policy makers on more than 300 causes of disease and injury, including stroke. The results presented here are the estimates of burden due to overall stroke and ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke from GBD 2016. Methods We report estimates and corresponding uncertainty intervals (UIs), from 1990 to 2016, for incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). DALYs were generated by summing YLLs and YLDs. Cause-specific mortality was estimated using an ensemble modelling process with vital registration and verbal autopsy data as inputs. Non-fatal estimates were generated using Bayesian meta-regression incorporating data from registries, scientific literature, administrative records, and surveys. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator generated using educational attainment, lagged distributed income, and total fertility rate, was used to group countries into quintiles. Findings In 2016, there were 5·5 million (95% UI 5·3 to 5·7) deaths and 116·4 million (111·4 to 121·4) DALYs due to stroke. The global age-standardised mortality rate decreased by 36·2% (–39·3 to –33·6) from 1990 to 2016, with decreases in all SDI quintiles. Over the same period, the global age-standardised DALY rate declined by 34·2% (–37·2 to –31·5), also with decreases in all SDI quintiles. There were 13·7 million (12·7 to 14·7) new stroke cases in 2016. Global age-standardised incidence declined by 8·1% (–10·7 to –5·5) from 1990 to 2016 and decreased in all SDI quintiles except the middle SDI group. There were 80·1 million (74·1 to 86·3) prevalent cases of stroke globally in 2016; 41·1 million (38·0 to 44·3) in women and 39·0 million (36·1 to 42·1) in men. Interpretation Although age-standardised mortality rates have decreased sharply from 1990 to 2016, the decrease in age-standardised incidence has been less steep, indicating that the burden of stroke is likely to remain high. Planned updates to future GBD iterations include generating separate estimates for subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage, generating estimates of transient ischaemic attack, and including atrial fibrillation as a risk factor

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Evaluation of Drought Tolerance and Tolerance-associated Traits in Barley Genotypes

In order to evaluate water stress tolerance-related traits and their relationships in barley genotypes, as well as identification of drought tolerant genotypes, a field experiment was carried out during 2012-13 and 2013-14 growing seasons in College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran. Seventy four foreign barley genotypes and two Iranian varieties (Reyhan and Nosrat) were evaluated under normal irrigation and water stress (water withheld at flowering stage) conditions according to a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design. Correlation analysis indicated that stress tolerance index (STI) was the best criterion for selecting barley drought-tolerant genotypes and significant correlations between number of fertile spikes, spike length, biomass, and seed yield and stress tolerance index were observed. Based on STI, the genotypes number 17, 23, 24, 41, 47, 58, 65, 71 and 72 were proved to be the most tolerant and high-yielding genotypes under both normal and water stress conditions

Effect of Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages on Yield and Yield Components of Two Safflower Cultivars

In order to evaluate the effect of water deficit at different growth stages on yield and yield components of two cultivars of safflower, a study was conducted during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. The treatments were cultivar at two levels (Sina and Local Isfahan) as the main factor, irrigation regime at four levels (40, 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity (FC)) as sub factor and time of applying deficit irrigation at two levels (vegetative and reproductive stages) as sub-sub factor. The results showed that the highest and lowest seed yield was recorded for Sina (3085 kg/ha) and Local Isfahan (2757 kg/ha) cultivars, respectively. Applying deficit irrigation at reproductive stage caused a 14.3% increase in yield, irrespective of the cultivar. The highest and lowest seed yields were obtained by applying deficit irrigation at reproductive and vegetative stages, respectively. Based on the results, the optimum seed yield (5100 kg/ha) can be achieved by applying 80% FC deficit irrigation at reproductive growth stage of Sina cultivar. In general, the seed yield decreased with reducing irrigation water amount at any growth stage. This reduction was significant at vegetative and reproductive stages of Sina cultivar, from 100 to 80% FC and from 80 to 60% FC, respectively. For Local Isfahan cultivar, the reduction was significant at both growth stages, from 100 to 80% FC

The effect of seed priming with melatonin on improving the tolerance of Zea mays L. var saccharata to paraquat-induced oxidative stress through photosynthetic systems and enzymatic antioxidant activities

Melatonin is essential in improving plant's biotic as well as abiotic stress tolerance, especially detoxification of herbicides. The purpose of the present research study was studying the probable positive impacts of melatonin on the enhancement of the growth as well as oxidative stress tolerance in sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata). For this purpose, the effects of seven treatments of priming (hydro priming with water (H), melatonin (M) priming with 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mu M and non-priming (D)) and three doses of paraquat (PQ: 0, 5 and 7.5 L per hectare of recommended dose (5 L per hectare)) on physiological as well as biochemical responses belong to sweet corn were probed according to a completely randomized factorial design involving three replicates. The obtained results provided the indication that applying PQ, particularly at high levels (7.5 L ha -1), in the absence of priming, enhanced the rate of herbicide injury by 49.2%, as compared with 5 L ha -1, by increasing free radical production rate and membrane lipids' peroxidation, in addition to inhibiting the process of photosynthesis. Seed priming with melatonin positively impacted PQ exposed plants, even under the enhanced concentration of PQ (7.5 L ha -1). The maximum protection for the sweet corn plants could be observed at M150. Co-application of melatonin (M150) and PQ herbicide (7.5 L ha -1) reduced H2O2, MDA and herbicide injury by 3.0, 2.1 and 4.6 times, respectively, while it increased SOD, CAT, APX and POD by 2.9, 4.6, 2.4 and 2.0 times, respectively, as compared with D treatments. The obtained results provided the indication that melatonin priming could raise tolerance to oxidative stress which is triggered by PQ in sweet corn with the enhancement of antioxidant en-zymes' activity and reduction of herbicide injury