Gambaran Penggunaan Media Sosial Facebook Terhadap Kejadian Cyberbullying Pada Remaja Gmim Eben Haezer Watutumou Kabupaten Minahasa Utara

Perkembangan teknologi dapat memberikan pengaruh positif bahkan negatif terhadap masyarakat misalnya remaja. Pada masa remaja, perkembangan alat komunikasi dalam hal ini media sosial memicu terjadinya permasalahan atau pengaruh negatif dalam kehidupan sosial remaja adalah kejadian cyberbullying di media sosial. Cyberbullying adalah tindakan kasar seperti menghina, mengancam, memberikan infomasi tidak benar terhadap orang lain yang dilakukan melalui pesan, email atau media sosial secara sengaja dan berulang kali. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkatan penggunaan media sosial facebook dan kejadian cyberbullying pada remaja di GMIM Eben Haezer Watutumou Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 112 remaja dengan menggunakan jumlah sampel sebanyak 85 remaja. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juni – Oktober 2021 yang berlokasi di Desa Watutumou Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara lebih tepatnya di GMIM Eben Haezer Watutumou. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang dibagikan lewat google form. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil yang didapatkan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkatan penggunaan media sosial facebook remaja adalah cukup baik yaitu 52,9% dan kejadian cyberbullying yang dialami remaja adalah rendah yaitu 71,8%.  Kata kunci : media sosial facebook, remaja, kejadian cyberbullying ABSTRACTThe development of technology can have a positive and even negative influence on society such as teenagers. In adolescence, the development of communication tools in this case social media triggers problems or negative influences in the social life of adolescents is the occurrence of cyberbullying  on social media. Cyberbullying  is abusive acts such as insulting, threatening, providing incorrect information to others that is done through messages, emails or social media intentionally and repeatedly. The purpose of this study was to find out the level of facebook social media use and  cyberbullying  incidents in adolescents at GMIM Eben Haezer Watutumou North Minahasa Regency. This type of research is descriptively quantitative. The population in this study was 112 adolescents using a sample number of 85 adolescents. This research was conducted in June - October 2021 located in Watutumou Village, Kalawat District of North Minahasa Regency more precisely in GMIM Eben Haezer Watutumou. Data collection using questionnaires shared through  google form. The data analysis in this study used univariate analysis. The results obtained in this study showed that the level of social media use of adolescent Facebook is quite good at 52.9% and the incidence of  cyberbullying  experienced by adolescents is low at 71.8%.  Keywords: facebook social media, teens, cyberbullying incident

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KARAKTERISTIK MASYARAKAT DESA TREMAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN PUSKESMAS KAUDITAN

Pemanfaatan puskesmas adalah penggunaan puskesmas sebagai prioritas utama masyarakat ketika mencari pengobatan ataupun pelayanan kesehatan. Beberapa faktor karakteristik masyarakat yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan puskesmas yaitu tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan dan pendapatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui apakah terdaoar hubungan antara karakteristik masyarakat Desa Treman dengan pemanfaatan Puskesmas Kauditan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan crosssectional. Dilaksanakan di Desa Treman Kecamatan Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara pada bulan Agustus-September 2020. Populasi berjumlah 708, sampel berjumlah 88 responden. Penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik non probability sampling dengan metode proposional, selanjutnya pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling. Alat ukur adalah kuesioner online (google form). Analisis data menggunakan uji statistic chi-square dengan nilai α = 0,05. Presentase responden pendidikan lanjut 68,1%, pendidikan dasar 31,9%. Presentase responden tidak bekerja 22,8%, bekerja 77,2%. Presentase responden pendapatan tinggi 78,4%, pendapatan rendah 21,6%. Hasil uji statistic chi-square terhadap hubungan tingkat pendidikan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas diperoleh nilai p value= 0.013, terhadap hubungan status pekerjaan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas diperoleh nilai p value= 0.454, terhadap hubungan pendapatan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas diperoleh nilai p value= 0.006,. Kesimpulannya terdapat hubungan tingkat pendidikan dan pendapatan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara dan tidak terdapat hubungan status pekerjaan dengan pemanfaatan puskesmas Kauditan Kecamatan Kauditan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Saran dari penelitian ini Puskesmas harus terus memberikan upaya pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat melalui program-program pembangunan kesehatan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, agar supaya masyarakat tau bahwa pentingnya memperhatikan kesehatan. Kata Kunci : Pendidikan, Pekerjaan, Pendapatan, Pemanfaatan Puskesmas ABSTRACTUtilization of puskesmas is the use of puskesmas as the top priority of the community when seeking treatment or health services. Some of the characteristics of the community that influence the use of the puskesmas are education level, employment status and income. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the characteristics of the Treman Village community and the use of the Kauditan Community Health Center. This study used an analytic survey method with a cross-sectional approach. Held in Treman Village, Kauditan District, North Minahasa Regency in August-September 2020. The population was 708, the sample was 88 respondents. Determination of the sample using non probability sampling technique with proportional method, then sampling by simple random sampling. The measuring tool is an online questionnaire (google form). Data analysis used the chi-square statistical test with a value of α = 0.05. Percentage of respondents continued education 68.1%, basic education 31.9%. The percentage of respondents not working 22.8%, working 77.2%. The percentage of respondents with high income is 78.4%, low income is 21.6%. The results of the chi-square statistical test on the relationship between the level of education and the utilization of the health centers obtained p value = 0.013, for the relationship between work status and the utilization of the health centers, the value of p value = 0.454 was obtained. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between the level of education and income with the utilization of the Kauditan Puskesmas in North Minahasa Regency and there is no relationship between employment status and the utilization of the Kauditan Puskesmas, Kauditan District, North Minahasa Regency. Suggestions from this research are Puskesmas must continue to provide health service efforts to the community through health development programs and community empowerment, so that people know the importance of paying attention to health. Keywords: Education, Employment, Income, Utilization of Puskesma

Actual usage conditions and energy consumption of refrigerator-freezers

About 19 of the total electricity production is consumed in the residential sector and this fraction is expected to grow in future. Air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines and other appliances are significant energy users in this sector. In this paper, the energy consumption and internal cabinet temperatures of 30 domestic refrigerators have been monitored to give an overview of the usage pattern of this appliance in Malaysian households. A questionnaire was designed to get relevant information regarding the usage of this appliance in the actual kitchen environment as well. This information is paramount in shaping or implementing a program that would get more support from users. The statistical analysis such as clustering and segmentation were manipulated and utilized in order to show the influence of the usage conditions on the temperature. The paper also calculated energy, bill savings and associated emission reductions by replacing an old inefficient refrigerator with a new efficient one

Leaving colorectal polyps in place can be achieved with high accuracy using blue light imaging (BLI)

Objectives: A negative predictive value of more than 90% is proposed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations (PIVI) statement for a new technology in order to leave distal diminutive colorectal polyps in place without resection. To our knowledge, no prior prospective study has yet evaluated the feasibility of the most recently introduced blue light imaging (BLI) system for real-time endoscopic prediction of polyp histology for the specific endpoint of leaving hyperplastic polyps in place. Aims: Prospective assessment of real-time prediction of colorectal polyps by using BLI. Material and methods: In total, 177 consecutive patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy were included. Colorectal polyps were evaluated in real-time by using high-definition endoscopy and the BLI technology without optical magnification. Before resection, the endoscopist described each polyp according to size, shape and surface characteristics (pit and vascular pattern, colour and depression), and histology was predicted with a level of confidence (high or low). Results: Histology was predicted with high confidence in 92.5% of polyps. Sensitivity of BLI for prediction of adenomatous histology was 92.68%, with a specificity and accuracy of 94.87 and 93.75%, respectively. Following the recommendation of the PIVI statement, positive and negative predictive values were calculated with values of 95 and 92.5%, respectively. Prediction of surveillance based on both US and European guidelines was correctly predicted in 91% of patients. Conclusion: The most recently introduced BLI technology is accurate enough to leave distal colorectal polyps in place without resection. BLI also allowed for assignment of postpolypectomy surveillance intervals. This approach therefore has the potential to reduce costs and risks associated with the redundant removal of diminutive colorectal polyps

Molecular velocity auto-correlation of simple liquids observed by NMR MGSE method

The velocity auto-correlation spectra of simple liquids obtained by the NMR method of modulated gradient spin echo show features in the low frequency range up to a few kHz, which can be explained reasonably well by a $t^{-3/2}$ long time tail decay only for non-polar liquid toluene, while the spectra of polar liquids, such as ethanol, water and glycerol, are more congruent with the model of diffusion of particles temporarily trapped in potential wells created by their neighbors. As the method provides the spectrum averaged over ensemble of particle trajectories, the initial non-exponential decay of spin echoes is attributed to a spatial heterogeneity of molecular motion in a bulk of liquid, reflected in distribution of the echo decays for short trajectories. While at longer time intervals, and thus with longer trajectories, heterogeneity is averaged out, giving rise to a spectrum which is explained as a combination of molecular self-diffusion and eddy diffusion within the vortexes of hydrodynamic fluctuations.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figur

Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990�2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The eastern Mediterranean region is comprised of 22 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Since our Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), the region has faced unrest as a result of revolutions, wars, and the so-called Arab uprisings. The objective of this study was to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the eastern Mediterranean region as of 2013. Methods GBD 2013 includes an annual assessment covering 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The study covers 306 diseases and injuries, 1233 sequelae, and 79 risk factors. Our GBD 2013 analyses included the addition of new data through updated systematic reviews and through the contribution of unpublished data sources from collaborators, an updated version of modelling software, and several improvements in our methods. In this systematic analysis, we use data from GBD 2013 to analyse the burden of disease and injuries in the eastern Mediterranean region specifically. Findings The leading cause of death in the region in 2013 was ischaemic heart disease (90·3 deaths per 100�000 people), which increased by 17·2 since 1990. However, diarrhoeal diseases were the leading cause of death in Somalia (186·7 deaths per 100�000 people) in 2013, which decreased by 26·9 since 1990. The leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) was ischaemic heart disease for males and lower respiratory infection for females. High blood pressure was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 2013, with an increase of 83·3 since 1990. Risk factors for DALYs varied by country. In low-income countries, childhood wasting was the leading cause of DALYs in Afghanistan, Somalia, and Yemen, whereas unsafe sex was the leading cause in Djibouti. Non-communicable risk factors were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income and middle-income countries in the region. DALY risk factors varied by age, with child and maternal malnutrition affecting the younger age groups (aged 28 days to 4 years), whereas high bodyweight and systolic blood pressure affected older people (aged 60�80 years). The proportion of DALYs attributed to high body-mass index increased from 3·7 to 7·5 between 1990 and 2013. Burden of mental health problems and drug use increased. Most increases in DALYs, especially from non-communicable diseases, were due to population growth. The crises in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, and Syria have resulted in a reduction in life expectancy; life expectancy in Syria would have been 5 years higher than that recorded for females and 6 years higher for males had the crisis not occurred. Interpretation Our study shows that the eastern Mediterranean region is going through a crucial health phase. The Arab uprisings and the wars that followed, coupled with ageing and population growth, will have a major impact on the region's health and resources. The region has historically seen improvements in life expectancy and other health indicators, even under stress. However, the current situation will cause deteriorating health conditions for many countries and for many years and will have an impact on the region and the rest of the world. Based on our findings, we call for increased investment in health in the region in addition to reducing the conflicts. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Associations of obesity and circulating insulin and glucose with breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the established association between general obesity and breast cancer risk, central obesity and circulating fasting insulin and glucose have been linked to the development of this common malignancy. Findings from previous studies, however, have been inconsistent, and the nature of the associations is unclear. METHODS: We conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to evaluate the association of breast cancer risk, using genetic instruments, with fasting insulin, fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, body mass index (BMI) and BMI-adjusted waist-hip-ratio (WHRadj BMI). We first confirmed the association of these instruments with type 2 diabetes risk in a large diabetes genome-wide association study consortium. We then investigated their associations with breast cancer risk using individual-level data obtained from 98 842 cases and 83 464 controls of European descent in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. RESULTS: All sets of instruments were associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Associations with breast cancer risk were found for genetically predicted fasting insulin [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71 per standard deviation (SD) increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26-2.31, p  =  5.09  ×  10-4], 2-h glucose (OR = 1.80 per SD increase, 95% CI = 1.3 0-2.49, p  =  4.02  ×  10-4), BMI (OR = 0.70 per 5-unit increase, 95% CI = 0.65-0.76, p  =  5.05  ×  10-19) and WHRadj BMI (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.79-0.91, p  =  9.22  ×  10-6). Stratified analyses showed that genetically predicted fasting insulin was more closely related to risk of estrogen-receptor [ER]-positive cancer, whereas the associations with instruments of 2-h glucose, BMI and WHRadj BMI were consistent regardless of age, menopausal status, estrogen receptor status and family history of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the previously reported inverse association of genetically predicted BMI with breast cancer risk, and showed a positive association of genetically predicted fasting insulin and 2-h glucose and an inverse association of WHRadj BMI with breast cancer risk. Our study suggests that genetically determined obesity and glucose/insulin-related traits have an important role in the aetiology of breast cancer

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2•72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2•66–2•79) in 2000 to 2•31 (2•17–2•46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134•5 million (131•5–137•8) in 2000 to a peak of 139•6 million (133•0–146•9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135•3 million (127•2–144•1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2•1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27•1% (95% UI 26•4–27•8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67•2 years (95% UI 66•8–67•6) in 2000 to 73•5 years (72•8–74•3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50•7 million (49•5–51•9) in 2000 to 56•5 million (53•7–59•2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9•6 million (9•1–10•3) in 2000 to 5•0 million (4•3–6•0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25•7%, from 6•2 billion (6•0–6•3) in 2000 to 7•7 billion (7•5–8•0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58•6 years (56•1–60•8) in 2000 to 63•5 years (60•8–66•1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation: Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens