A FILOSOFIA E O SEU ENSINO SOB O DIAPASÃO DA CRIATIVIDADE

O presente artigo tem o propósito de abordar a filosofia na perspectiva de sua definição e de seu ensino, especificamente no domínio na educação básica. Aabordagem ora proposta organiza-se numa estrutura tripartite: na primeira parte, pretende-se tecer algumas considerações preambulares à questão “o que é a filosofia?” e, em seguida, traçar dois requisitos fundamentais para uma possível resposta a esta interrogação. A segunda parte apresenta a definição deleuzo-guattariana da filosofia como “a arte de criar conceitos” e assinala a centralidade do conceito e do problema na caracterização da atividade filosófica. À vista da definição deleuzo-guattariana da filosofia como uma atividade per se criativa, definição que descortina o problema do ensino criativo dessa disciplina, a terceira parte sugere como possibilidade do exercício da criatividade no ensino médio a proposta do filósofo Silvio Gallo de compreender a aula de filosofia como uma oficina de conceitos

NOTAS SOBRE O PROBLEMA DA COEXISTÊNCIA DO MAL E DA ONIPOTÊNCIA DIVINA

O presente trabalho tenciona analisar, de uma perspectiva filosófica, os problemas suscitados pela assunção da onipotência divina e sua coexistência com o mal no mundo. A argumentação ora proposta estrutura-se em três etapas: após uma breve introdução ao conceito de teodiceia, a primeira seção explicita a contradição lógica envolvida na existência simultânea do mal e de um Deus onipotente, onisciente e sumamente bom; a segunda seção examina, especificamente, o atributo da onipotência divina, à luz dos pressupostos da teoria cartesiana sobre a livre criação das verdades eternas; a terceira seção apresenta os aspectos gerais da crítica de Leibniz à teoria cartesiana

INTERIORIZAÇÃO, IDEALISMO E NEGATIVIDADE NA CULTURA AFIRMATIVA: UMA ANÁLISE DESDE OS ENSAIOS DE MARCUSE NA ZfS (1937-1938)

O presente artigo analisa o conceito de cultura afirmativa proposto por Herbert Marcuse no ensaio “Sobre o Caráter Afirmativo da Cultura” (1937). Para efeito desta análise, conceberemos os ensaios publicados por Marcuse na Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung como constitutivos de uma unidade teórica no conjunto da obra do autor, de modo que alguns dos aspectos fundamentais do ensaio supramencionado são interpretados, aqui, paralelamente aos ensaios “Filosofia e Teoria Crítica” (1937) e “Para a Crítica do Hedonismo” (1938). Seguindo esta linha interpretativa, analisamos o conceito de cultura afirmativa sob três perspectivas. 1) a primeira seção o analisa à luz do seu objetivo educacional e do que podemos interpretar como os seus três elementos distintivos; 2) a segunda seção analisa, por um lado, a radicação filosófica de seus elementos distintivos no idealismo da Filosofia Antiga e, por outro, a sua constituição específica como idealismo burguês; 3) a terceira seção discute as tendências econômicas e culturais negativas, produzidas no interior da própria sociedade burguesa, que se contrapõem ao caráter afirmativo que Marcuse atribui à formação cultural típica da sociedade capitalista. Conclusivamente, buscamos sistematizar as questões-chave analisadas neste estudo em uma interpretação do conceito de cultura afirmativa e de seus aspectos mais relevantes

A História da dialética

This translation provides a Portuguese version of “The History of Dialectics”, written by Herbert Marcuse. The original was published as an encyclopedia entry on “Dialectics”, in Marxism, Communism, and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972). It starts by presenting a detailed analysis of “The Significance of Dialectics in Ancient Philosophy”, since Zeno, the Sophists and Socrates to Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Plotinus. Further on, Marcuse writes a section on “The Significance of Dialectics in Kant, Fichte and Hegel”; he finally concludes with an approach to “The Meaning and Significance of Dialectics in Marx”, the only philosopher who was bestowed with a whole section. Overall, this text exhibits a very comprehensive, qualified analysis of the history of dialectics and reveals Marcuse as a first-rated philosophical scholar in the concept of dialectics.A tradução apresenta ao público de língua portuguesa o texto “A história da dialética”, deHerbert Marcuse. Publicado como parte do verbete “Dialética”, na enciclopédia Marxism, Communism,and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972), estetrabalho fornece uma análise acadêmica relativamente detalhada do “Significado da dialética naFilosofia Antiga”, iniciando em Zenão, nos sofistas e Sócrates, passando por Platão e Aristóteles econcluindo com uma abordagem sobre os estoicos e Plotino; na sequência, volta-se para o horizonteda Filosofia Moderna, a que Marcuse dedica a seção “Significado da dialética em Kant, Fichte e Hegel”;o texto é finalizado com uma análise sobre o “Significado e o alcance da dialética em Marx”, únicofilósofo privilegiado com uma seção própria. De modo geral, esta publicação revela Marcuse comoum estudioso de primeira classe do conceito de dialética e oferece ao leitor uma análise abrangente eextremamente qualificada da história da dialética, no plano filosófico

Reparto de los ingresos fiscales para fomentar el desarrollo socioambiental amazónico: el caso del ICMS ecológico en el estado de Pará

El ICMS Ecológico es una política pública financiera-ambiental, que incorpora criterios ambientales para la distribución de los ingresos procedentes de la recaudación del Impuesto sobre la Circulación de Bienes y Servicios (ICMS) de los estados miembros a los municipios. La política se implementó en el Estado de Pará en 2012, y los criterios de transferencia se ajustaron en 2017. Teniendo en cuenta los mandatos legales que rigen el ICMS Ecológico de Pará y el contexto en el que se creó, este artículo analiza el potencial de la política en relación al Desarrollo socioambiental amazónico, con especial énfasis en mejorar las condiciones de vida de las comunidades tradicionales. Utilizando un método exploratorio y el procedimiento de investigación bibliográfica, el estudio expone la estructura normativa de la política, enfatizando los criterios de transferencia utilizados y su relación con la protección de las comunidades tradicionales. A través del análisis realizado, el trabajo concluye que no hay un fomento destinado a mejorar la calidad de vida de las poblaciones mediante la aplicación de las transferencias de ingresos obtenidas. Sin embargo, si se aplica correctamente el mandato legal, con ajustes en los criterios de transferencia previstos, se observa que la política es capaz de aportar efectos positivos a las comunidades tradicionales, valorando la relación positiva de estas comunidades con la protección del medio ambiente.Ecological ICMS is a financial and environmental public policy that defines environmental criteria for the distribution of Brazilian sales taxes (ICMS) revenues from Member States to municipalities. The policy was implemented in the state of Pará in 2012, the transmission criteria having been adjusted in 2017. Considering the laws governing the Ecological ICMS and the context in which it was created, this article analyzes the potentialities of the policy regarding the Amazonian socio-environmental development, with emphasis on improving the living conditions of traditional communities. Using exploratory methods and a bibliographic research procedure, the study exposes the normative structure of the policy by emphasizing the fiscal sharing criterion and its relations with the protection of the traditional communities. The study concluded that the financial resources resulting from the policy are not applied to improve the quality of life of local populations, but, if the law is correctly applied, correcting the sharing criterion, the policy is able to bring positive effects to traditional communities, valuing their positive relationship with the protection of the environment.ICMS Ecológico é uma política pública financeiro-ambiental, que traz critérios ambientais para a repartição do produto da arrecadação do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) dos estados-membros aos municípios. A política foi implementada no estado do Pará em 2012, teve os critérios de repasse ajustados em 2017. Considerando os mandamentos legais que regem o ICMS Ecológico paraense e o contexto no qual foi criado, este artigo analisa as potencialidades da política em relação ao desenvolvimento socioambiental amazônico, dando especial relevo à melhoria das condições de vida das comunidades tradicionais. Utilizando método exploratório e procedimento de pesquisa bibliográfica, o estudo expõe a estruturação normativa da política, dando ênfase aos critérios de repasse utilizados e sua relação com a proteção das comunidades tradicionais. Através da análise realizada, verifica-se a ausência de fomento à melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações por meio da aplicação dos repasses obtidos. Porém, se corretamente aplicado o mandamento legal, com ajustes nos critérios de repasse previstos, observa-se ser a política capaz de aportar efeitos positivos às comunidades tradicionais, valorizando a relação positiva destas com a proteção ambiental

ANESTESIA E DOENÇAS NEUROMUSCULARES: GESTÃO SEGURA E EFICAZ

Neuromuscular diseases encompass a broad spectrum of conditions that affect the function of peripheral nerves, the neuromuscular junction, and muscles. Patients with these conditions may present unique challenges in the anesthetic setting due to changes in muscular response, risk of respiratory complications, and sensitivity to certain anesthetic agents. Thus, anesthesia plays an essential role in providing comfort and absence of pain during medical interventions, especially in cases of neuromuscular diseases, where adequate administration and in-depth understanding of muscular physiology and the nervous system must be carried out. Objective: Investigate and analyze protocols, techniques and interventions that contribute to the safe and effective management of anesthesia in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Methodology: The Scielo, Medline and Science Direct databases were used, searching for articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Final considerations: By adopting a multidisciplinary approach and constantly updating clinical practices in accordance with scientific advances, healthcare professionals can promote a safe and efficient anesthetic environment for individuals with neuromuscular diseases, thus contributing to improving the quality of medical care in this specific context.As doenças neuromusculares abrangem um amplo espectro de condições que afetam a função dos nervos periféricos, da junção neuromuscular e dos músculos. Pacientes com essas condições podem apresentar desafios únicos no contexto anestésico devido a alterações na resposta muscular, risco de complicações respiratórias e sensibilidade a certos agentes anestésicos. Assim, a anestesia desempenha um papel essencial ao proporcionar conforto e ausência de dor durante intervenções médicas, especialmente em casos de doenças neuromusculares, onde deve ser realizada a administração adequada e o entendimento aprofundado da fisiologia muscular e do sistema nervoso. Objetivo: Investigar e analisar os protocolos, técnicas e intervenções que contribuem para a gestão segura e eficaz de anestesia em pacientes com doenças neuromusculares. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Scielo, Medline e Science Direct, buscando artigos publicados nos idiomas Português, Inglês ou Espanhol. Considerações finais: Ao adotar uma abordagem multidisciplinar e atualizar constantemente as práticas clínicas de acordo com os avanços científicos, os profissionais de saúde podem promover um ambiente anestésico seguro e eficiente para indivíduos com doenças neuromusculares, contribuindo assim para a melhoria da qualidade de cuidados médicos nesse contexto específico

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97\ub71 (95% UI 95\ub78-98\ub71) in Iceland, followed by 96\ub76 (94\ub79-97\ub79) in Norway and 96\ub71 (94\ub75-97\ub73) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18\ub76 (13\ub71-24\ub74) in the Central African Republic, 19\ub70 (14\ub73-23\ub77) in Somalia, and 23\ub74 (20\ub72-26\ub78) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91\ub75 (89\ub71-93\ub76) in Beijing to 48\ub70 (43\ub74-53\ub72) in Tibet (a 43\ub75-point difference), while India saw a 30\ub78-point disparity, from 64\ub78 (59\ub76-68\ub78) in Goa to 34\ub70 (30\ub73-38\ub71) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4\ub78-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20\ub79-point to 17\ub70-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17\ub72-point to 20\ub74-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. METHODS: Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita

The philosophical assumptions and fundamental imperatives of Herbert Marcuse's incipient critical theory: an analysis from Marcuse’s essays in ZfS (1937-1941)

This work argues for the existence of an incipient critical theory in Marcuse’s essays written under the Institute of Social Research. For this goal, I consider Marcuse’s essays published from 1937 to 1941 in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung as a theoretical unity and, consecutively, I submit them to an interpretation based on the twofold perspective of their philosophical assumptions and – what we will define here as – their fundamental imperatives. Each of these perspectives is approached in chapters 1 and 2, respectively. In chapter 1, I analyze Marcuse’s essays from the viewpoint of their double philosophical rooting in Hegelian dialectics and Marx’s critique of Political Economy, that is, as a particular type of Hegelian-marxism. In particular, I intend to interpret Marcuse’s writings from the philosophical concepts of dialectical negation (Hegel) and alienated labor (Marx). Subsequently, chapter 2 aims to identify the fundamental imperatives that make the social theory designed in Marcuse’s essays as a critical one. In this chapter, the concept of “criticism” is inspected by the standpoint of its objects and its major objective, i.e., to construct a rational society. Conclusively, I recapitulate the key points discussed along chapters 1 and 2, emphasizing the elements attesting this work’s main thesis: the interpretation of Marcuse’s essays as expressing an incipient critical theory – provided that we assume Eros and Civilization (1955) as the work in which Marcuse reach his philosophical maturity, in the sense that in this book Marcuse formulates, for the first time, an original philosophical theory of capitalist society and its prospects of transformation.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorDissertação (Mestrado)O presente trabalho defende a existência de uma teoria social incipiente nos escritos de Herbert Marcuse sob o Instituto de Pesquisa Social. Para este fim, consideramos os ensaios publicados pelo filósofo entre 1937-1941, na Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, como uma unidade teórica e os submetemos a uma leitura interpretativa baseada num duplo prisma: de um lado, nos seus pressupostos filosóficos e, de outro, no que chamaremos de seus imperativos fundamentais. Cada uma dessas perspectivas é analisada no primeiro e no segundo capítulo, respectivamente. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos os ensaios supramencionados sob o ponto de vista de sua radicação filosófica na dialética de Hegel e na crítica da economia política de Marx; ou seja, analisamo-los como uma forma de marxismo-hegeliano. Nesse capítulo, procuramos interpretar os escritos de Marcuse à luz das categorias filosóficas de negação dialética (Hegel) e trabalho alienado (Marx). No segundo capítulo, tencionamos localizar os imperativos fundamentais que fazem da teoria social insinuada por Marcuse, nos ensaios da ZfS, uma teoria propriamente crítica. Nesse capítulo, a noção de “crítica” é examinada sob a dúplice perspectiva do que reputamos serem os seus objetos e o seu objetivo fulcral, a saber: a construção de uma sociedade racional. Conclusivamente, recapitulamos as principais questões discutidas nos capítulos 1 e 2, sublinhando os elementos que corroboram a tese central desta pesquisa: a interpretação dos referidos ensaios marcuseanos como expressão de uma teoria crítica da sociedade num estágio incipiente – contanto que assumamos Eros e Civilização (1955) como a obra que demarca a maturidade filosófica de Marcuse, no sentido de que nessa obra ele teria formulado, pela primeira vez, uma teoria filosófica própria da sociedade capitalista e de suas possibilidades de transformação