Higher education and unemployment in Europe : an analysis of the academic subject and national effects

This paper examines the impact of an academic degree and field of study on short and long-term unemployment across Europe (EU15). Labour Force Survey (LFS) data on over half a million individuals are utilised for that purpose. The harmonized LFS classification of level of education and field of study overcomes past problems of comparability across Europe. The study analyses (i) the effect of an academic degree at a European level, (ii) the specific effect of 14 academic subjects and (iii) country specific effects. The results indicate that an academic degree is more effective on reducing the likelihood of short-term than long-term unemployment. This general pattern even though it is observed for most of the academic subjects its levels show significant variation across disciplines and countries

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Developments in Collective Household Labor Supply Models

In the collective model, individual household members take decisions collectively, based on their individual preferences and under a bargaining process on which the only assumption made is that the resulting intrahousehold allocation is Pareto efficient. Under this seemingly weak assumption, the collective model still generates falsifiable restrictions. The applied literature on the topic started with specifications based on the assumption of egoistic preferences, by which the choice problem can be characterized by a sharing rule that reallocates income across household members. Given this allocation, household members individually decide on labor supply. In the literature, the model evoluted by relaxing the underlying assumptions. Increased attention for the identifying role of intrahousehold bargaining power was introduced with distribution factors. Dropping the assumption of egoistic preferences allowed for public goods within the household, which opens the way to incorporate policies targeted to specific household members. The initial neglect of corner solutions was relaxed to allow for nonparticipation in the estimation of model parameters. Theory and empirical applications aimed to include nonlinear budget sets to allow for the analysis of intrahousehold welfare implications of tax policies. Introducing dynamics in the collective model reveals the importance to know how commitment mechanisms evolve over time

Intra-family distribution of paid-work time

This article analyses the intra-family distribution of paid-work time in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK). To that end, we formulate a collective model, which allows us to characterize the efficient labour supply decisions of each spouse. This two-equation model is then simultaneously estimated by using national panel data drawn from the European Community Household Panel-ECHP (1994-2001). Empirical results clearly show that, in all sample countries, the labour supply of wives is affected by own wages, household and own nonlabour incomes and the number of children, whereas evidence for husbands differs across countries.