Rendimiento de Papa en Funcion de Epidemia por Tizon Tardio (Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary)

SEE ARTICLE FOR ABSTRACT IN SPANISH. English Abstract: In order to study the quantitative relationship between tuber yield of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (‘Alpha’, susceptible, and ‘Zafiro’, moderately resistant to late blight), and severity of the pathogen in Toluca, México, managed by weekly foliar sprays of 0.575 kg i.a ha⁻¹, 1.15 kg i.a ha⁻¹, and without application of the fungicide Clorothalonil. There were statistical differences between cultivars and among treatments within each cultivar (P < 0.05). The relationship between yield and disease severity was described by linear regression models. Yield by commercial standards (classes 1, 2 and 3) depended on the accumulated severity 80 d after planting in cv. ‘Zafiro’, and at 58 d in ‘Alpha’ for class 1 and for total yield, at 65 d for class 2, and at 94 d for class 3. The determination coefficient varied between 54 and 78 % in the selected models for ‘Alpha’, while in ‘Zafiro’ the range was from 54 to 75 %. Yield loss was less in ‘Zafiro’, for its epiphytotics were less intense until start of tuberization. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider tuber iniciation as the critical point. The previous period is the most important to reduce losses. Hence, handling should focus on the delay of the epiphytotic iniciation (Yo) and intensity in this period (r[subscript k])

Propuesta de Supply Chain Management y Logística para la empresa Colombina S.A.

A través de realización de este Diplomado de Profundización en “Supply Chain Management y Logística”, asumido como opción de grado, y mediante el cual se busca el fortalecimiento de los conocimientos teóricos y el desarrollo de las habilidades prácticas y gerenciales competentes en el mercado laboral para crear, diagnosticar, analizar y establecer estrategias de solución innovadoras en empresas productivas. Para tal fin y a lo largo de este curso de profundización en los conceptos sobre “Supply Chain Management y Logística” y con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos planteados, escogimos la empresa Colombina S.A, sobre la cual estableceremos e identificaremos los procesos del Supply Chain Management, GSCF, el enfoque transaccional, el proceso de logística de acuerdo a las políticas nacionales y al Logistics Performance Índex (LPI), la gestión de inventarios, la gestión de almacenes, los principios de almacenamiento, Picking, embalaje, codificación, transportes, modos y medios de transporte, transportation management System (TMS), Procesos logísticos en aprovisionamiento, estrategias de distribución. DFI (Distribución Física Internacional), INCOTERMS DRP Economías de Escala y sobre cada uno de estos temas plantear propuestas de mejoramiento, desarrollo y análisis que permitan hacer de Colombina S.A, si hubiera lugar, una empresa más competitiva, efectiva y eficienteThrough the completion of this Deepening Diploma in "Supply Chain Management and Logistics", assumed as a degree option, and through which the strengthening of theoretical knowledge and the development of practical and managerial skills competent in the labor market is sought. to create, diagnose, analyze and establish innovative solution strategies in productive companies. For this purpose and throughout this deepening course in the concepts of "Supply Chain Management and Logistics" and in order to achieve the stated objectives, we chose the company Colombina S.A, on which we will establish and identify the Supply Chain Management processes. , GSCF, the transactional approach, the logistics process according to national policies and the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), inventory management, warehouse management, storage principles, Picking, packaging, coding, transportation, modes and means of transport, transportation management System (TMS), logistics processes in supply, distribution strategies. DFI (International Physical Distribution), INCOTERMS DRP Economies of Scale and on each of these issues, propose proposals for improvement, development and analysis that will make Colombina S.A, if necessary, a more competitive, effective and efficient compan

Modelado del tiempo fisiológico de Ceratitis capitata mediante sensores remotos en territorios estratégicos de Centroamérica.

The Mediterranean fly is a quarantine pest that can directly affect the production and marketing of fruits and vegetables worldwide. It is a species with polyphagous behavior and has a high number of susceptible hosts, both wild and economically important. Currently, in Central America and Southern Mexico, there are strategic territories with permanent monitoring of the pest, which act as barriers in its advance towards North America. The use of remote sensors in the phytosanitary area has the potential to contribute to decision-making in the establishment of preventive strategies to mitigate the advance and phytosanitary risk of Ceratitis capitata. It can even be considered a geotechnological tool that contributes to the processes of monitoring and surveillance of health risks, through the analysis of environmental information, particularly the thermal component. Temperature is an essential factor for the immature and adult stages of the Medfly. The objective of this study was to design the physiological time of C. capitata through the calculation of accumulated heat units (UCAcum) in strategic territories. Specifically, the study aimed to model and calculate the physiological time of C. capitata through the accumulated heat units (UCAcum) in the potential containment, containment, and eradication zones using ERA5 data. A spatiotemporal pattern was obtained for the period from December 2020 to December 2021, showing the monthly thermal behavior that favors C. capitata on two scales: a regional scale that included the countries of El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and southern Mexico, and the previously defined strategic zones. The study revealed a monthly thermal oscillation from 13,1 to 37,4°C, considering extreme temperatures. The surfaces with optimal thermal accumulation, determining the physiological time of the pest, were identified based on the fact that C. capitata requires 251,7 UCAcum to complete a life cycle. In the potential containment zone, 463,4 UCAcum were determined for portions of Honduras and El Salvador. In the containment zone in Guatemala, 418,8 UCAcum were identified, and finally, in the eradication zone, an accumulation of 401.3 units was observed in Guatemala and the Pacific coast in the Mexican southeast. This spatial analysis showed that the physiological time presented a uniform behavior in strategic territories. Modeling UCAcum from remote sensing strengthens strategic decision-making regarding health risks. The strength of this approach lies in the accessibility of freely available inputs and recent temporality, allowing the creation of risk scenarios under a preventive approach in almost real-time (with a three-week delay). Thermal comfort modeling should be considered a contributing input to effectively direct preventive strategies by the National and Regional Plant Protection Organizations. These organizations are responsible for implementing mitigation strategies before the arrival of pests or diseases that endanger the global agro alimentary heritage.La mosca del Mediterráneo es una plaga cuarentenaria que puede afectar de manera directa la producción y comercialización de frutas y hortalizas en el mundo, es una espacie con un comportamiento polífago y cuenta con un gran número de hospedantes susceptibles tanto silvestres como de importancia económica. Actualmente, en Centroamérica y Sur de México existen territorios estratégicos en los que se mantiene un monitoreo permanente de la plaga los cuales se consideran una barrera en su avance hacia el norte del continente. La utilización de sensores remotos en el área de la fitosanidad tiene el potencial de aportar a la toma de decisiones en el establecimiento de estrategias preventivas de mitigación de avance y riesgo fitosanitario de Ceratitis capitata, incluso, se puede considerar una herramienta geotecnológica que permite coadyuvar en los procesos de monitoreo y vigilancia de riesgos sanitarios, a través del análisis de información ambiental, en este caso, del componente térmico, puesto que la temperatura es un factor esencial para los estados inmaduros y adultos de la mosca del Mediterráneo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar el tiempo fisiológico de C. capitata a través del cálculo de las unidades calor acumuladas (UCAcum) en territorios estratégicos (zona de contención potencial, de contención y de erradicación), mediante el uso de imágenes satelitales climáticas ERA5. Se obtuvo un patrón espacio-temporal del periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2020 a diciembre de 2021 del comportamiento térmico mensual que favorece a C. capitata en dos escalas: regional que abarcó los países de El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala y sur de México, así como en las zonas estratégicas antes definidas. Se evidenció que durante 2021 existió una oscilación térmica mensual de 13,1 a 37,4°C, consideradas las temperaturas extremas. De manera específica, se identificaron las superficies donde existió la acumulación térmica óptima que determina el tiempo fisiológico de la plaga, basados en que C. capitata requiere de 251,7 UCAcum para lograr un ciclo de vida. Se determinó que en la zona de contención potencial se acumularon 463,4 unidades en porciones de Honduras y El Salvador. En la zona de contención ubicada en Guatemala se determinó 418,8 UCAcum y finalmente en la zona de erradicación se logró una acumulación de 401,3 unidades en Guatemala y costa del Pacifico en el sureste mexicano, lo que permitió espacializar que el tiempo fisiológico presentó un comportamiento uniforme en los territorios estratégicos. Diseñar o modelar UCAcum a partir de sensores remotos posibilita fortalecer decisiones estratégicas ante riesgos sanitarios, y tiene como fortaleza que son insumos de libre acceso y de una temporalidad reciente, lo que permite crear escenarios de riesgo bajo un enfoque preventivo en tiempo casi real (con un retraso de unas semanas). La modelación del confort térmico debería ser considerada un insumo coadyuvante para direccionar de manera efectiva estrategias preventivas por parte de los Organismos Nacionales y Regionales de Protección Fitosanitaria que se encargan de recomendar acciones ante el arribo de plagas o enfermedades que ponen en riesgo el patrimonio agroalimentario mundial

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Alternativas de desarrollo agropecuario con proyección sostenible para el distrito de riego del Zulia y su zona de influencia

La asociación de usuarios del Distrito de Adecuación de Tierras de Gran Escala del Río Zulia (ASOZULIA) Norte de Santander, con un área de influencia de 45.536 hectáreas, está interesada en la planificación productiva de su territorio. Dentro de sus actividades agropecuarias se encuentran el arroz (12.000 a 17.000 ha), la palma de aceite (1.534 ha), cítricos (limón, naranja; 346 ha), caña de azúcar (100 ha) y la ganadería. Su principal sistema de producción durante más de 50 años es el cultivo de arroz, sistema que presenta reducción de la productividad (7 a 3 tha), degradación del suelo y problemas de plagas y enfermedades, debido entre otros al uso continuo del fangueo como sistema de preparación de suelos. Adicionalmente, a pesar de tener el distrito de riego del río Zulia una concesión de 13,5 m3.s1, en épocas de verano la oferta hidrica es mucho menor como, por ejemplo, la correspondiente a los meses de febrero a marzo de 2016, con un caudal en la bocatoma del distrito de 10,8 m3s'y una captación real del distrito de solo 6 m.s' Asimismo, la construcción del nuevo acueducto para el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Cúcuta tomará 2,95 m3s del caudal antes de la bocatoma que provee agua al distrito, lo que disminuirá aún más la disponibilidad de agua para riego en esa región. Por lo anterior, se requiere la recuperación de los suelos para el establecimiento de nuevos sistemas productivos que demanden un menor consumo de agua y sean una alternativa viable para los productores.Acelga-Remolacha de hoja, Beta vulgaris var. Cicl

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Elaboration and validation of diagrammatic key to evaluate white rust severity in Chrysanthemum

White rust, caused by Puccinia horiana, is considered the major disease of Chrysanthemum in Brazil, which results in severe losses for the growers. Despite of its economic importance, very few epidemiological studies have been carried out in Brazil. In order to conduct these studies it is necessary to develop standard methods to quantify disease severity under field conditions. Therefore, a diagrammatic key, including the levels 1, 3, 6, 10, 18, and 30% of diseased leaf area, was elaborated. The severity of the white rust was estimates using the key or not in order to test its accuracy, precision and reproducibility. The diagrammatic key was validated by 10 raters using 50 leaves with different levels of severity, which were previously measured by the AutoCAD® software. Two evaluations were performed with the key at 7-day intervals when different sequences of the same leaves were visually estimated by the same raters. The accuracy and precision of each rater were determined by using simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. When the key was not used, all raters overestimated disease severity indicating the presence of constant positive errors for all levels of disease severity. The evaluations using the diagrammatic key were more accurate for the great majority of the raters and more precise for all the raters. In addition, the key also showed good repeatability and high level of reproducibility among the evaluations from the different raters. The diagrammatic key is suitable for the evaluation of severity of white rust of Chrysanthemum.A ferrugem branca, causada pelo fungo Puccinia horiana, é considerada a principal doença do crisântemo no Brasil, induzindo severas perdas aos produtores. Apesar da importância, inexistem estudos epidemiológicos no país, e para que estes estudos sejam realizados, é necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos padronizados de quantificação da severidade da doença no campo. Visando atender a essa demanda, foi elaborada uma escala diagramática com os níveis de 1, 3, 6, 10, 18 e 30% de área foliar lesionada, testando-se a acurácia, a precisão e a reprodutibilidade das estimativas de severidade da ferrugem branca com e sem a sua utilização. Na validação da escala diagramática, 50 folhas com diferentes níveis de severidade da doença, mensurados previamente com o programa AutoCADâ, foram avaliadas por 10 pessoas sem e com a utilização da escala diagramática. Foram realizadas duas avaliações com a utilização da escala, com intervalo de sete dias, onde seqüências diferentes das mesmas folhas foram estimadas visualmente pelos mesmos avaliadores. A acurácia e a precisão de cada avaliador foi determinada por regressão linear simples, entre a severidade real e a estimada. Sem o auxílio da escala, todos os avaliadores superestimaram consistentemente a severidade, indicando a presença de desvios positivos constantes para todos os níveis de severidade da doença. As avaliações realizadas com a escala diagramática foram mais acuradas nas estimativas da maioria dos avaliadores e mais precisas para todos os avaliadores, além de proporcionar boa repetibilidade e elevada reprodutibilidade entre avaliações de diferentes avaliadores. A escala diagramática mostrou-se adequada para avaliação da severidade da ferrugem branca do crisântemo.BARBOSA, M. A. G. Universidade Federal do Par