Konzept einer Applikation zur elektronischen Unterstützung der Bodenprofilaufnahmen

In Switzerland most soil profiles are registered with the “FAL-Profilblatt” (Profilblatt und Datenschlüssel 6). This document consists of different parameters which must be described by the user. The “FAL-Profilblatt” is used for a variety of different projects. As for example for soil mapping, melioration projects and assessments of environmental effects. The description of the soil profile is normally performed on paper. But data collection on paper causes different kind of problems. Data input on the «FAL-Profilblatt» would actually be standardized, but on a paper sheets these standards cannot be controlled. As an effect of that invalid answers are given in certain cases. Furthermore, the registered data must be typewritten with a computer because most data is required to be in digital versions. Typewriting consumes a lot of resources in the process of soil mapping, in addition it is a source of mistakes. Taking all these factors into account it seems reasonable to register soil data digitally. Unfortunately, there are no applications accessible in Switzerland to register soil data digitally.Für die Bodenprofilaufnahme wird in der Schweiz zurzeit meist das FAL-Profilblatt (Profilblatt und Datenschlüssel 6) verwendet. Dieses Profilblatt kommt in verschiedenen Projekten zum Einsatz. Es wird beispielsweise in der Bodenkartierung, in Meliorationsprojekten und in der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung eingesetzt. Die Datenerfassung läuft dabei meist analog ab. Durch die Erfassung der Bodendaten auf Papier entstehen aber verschiedene Nachteile. Die Eingabe gewisser Parameter wäre eigentlich genormt, auf Papier lässt sich die Eingabe aber nicht kontrollieren. Als Auswirkung davon werden in gewissen Fällen Antworten gegeben, die nicht der Norm entsprechen. Zudem müssen die auf Papier erfassten Bodendaten meist mit dem Computer abgetippt werden, da sie für ihren späteren Gebrauch digital zur Verfügung stehen sollten. Das Abtippen nimmt viele Ressourcen in Anspruch, zudem ist es auch eine Quelle für Fehler. Aus diesen Gründen scheint es sinnvoll, die Erfassung der Bodenprofildaten im Feld digital durchzuführen. In der Schweiz steht dafür aber zurzeit noch keine Applikation zur Verfügung

The generalized Clapeyron equation and its application to confined ice growth

Most theoretical descriptions of stresses induced by freezing are rooted in the (generalized) Clapeyron equation, which predicts the pressure that a solid can exert as it cools below its melting temperature. This equation is central for topics ranging beyond glaciology to geomorphology, civil engineering, food storage, and cryopreservation. However, it has inherent limitations, requiring isotropic solid stresses and conditions near bulk equilibrium. Here, we examine when the Clapeyron equation is applicable by providing a rigorous derivation that details all assumptions. We demonstrate the natural extension for anisotropic stress states, and we show how the temperature and pressure ranges for validity depend on well-defined material properties. Finally, we demonstrate how the range of applicability of the (linear) Clapeyron equation can be extended by adding higher-order terms, yielding results that are in good agreement with experimental data for the pressure melting of ice.Comment: 2 Figure

Polycrystallinity enhances stress build-up around ice

Damage caused by freezing wet, porous materials is a widespread problem, but is hard to predict or control. Here, we show that polycrystallinity makes a great difference to the stress build-up process that underpins this damage. Unfrozen water in grain-boundary grooves feeds ice growth at temperatures below the freezing temperature, leading to the fast build-up of localized stresses. The process is very variable, which we ascribe to local differences in ice-grain orientation, and to the surprising mobility of many grooves -- which further accelerates stress build-up. Our work will help understand how freezing damage occurs, and in developing accurate models and effective damage-mitigation strategies.Comment: 4 figure

Self-Templating Assembly of Soft Microparticles into Complex Tessellations

Self-assembled monolayers of microparticles encoding Archimedean and non-regular tessellations promise unprecedented structure-property relationships for a wide spectrum of applications in fields ranging from optoelectronics to surface technology. Yet, despite numerous computational studies predicting the emergence of exotic structures from simple interparticle interactions, the experimental realization of non-hexagonal patterns remains challenging. Not only kinetic limitations often hinder structural relaxation, but also programming the inteparticle interactions during assembly, and hence the target structure, remains an elusive task. Here, we demonstrate how a single type of soft polymeric microparticle (microgels) can be assembled into a wide array of complex structures as a result of simple pairwise interactions. We first let microgels self-assemble at a water-oil interface into a hexagonally packed monolayer, which we then compress to varying degrees and deposit onto a solid substrate. By repeating this process twice, we find that the resultant structure is not the mere stacking of two hexagonal patterns. The first monolayer retains its hexagonal structure and acts as a template into which the particles of the second monolayer rearrange to occupy interstitial positions. The frustration between the two lattices generates new symmetries. By simply varying the packing fraction of the two monolayers, we obtain not only low-coordination structures such as rectangular and honeycomb lattices, but also rhomboidal, hexagonal, and herringbone superlattices which display non-regular tessellations. Molecular dynamics simulations show that these structures are thermodynamically stable and develop from short-ranged repulsive interactions, making them easy to predict, and thus opening new avenues to the rational design of complex patterns

Measuring surface tensions of soft solids with huge contact-angle hysteresis

The equilibrium contact angle of a droplet resting on a solid substrate can reveal essential properties of the solid's surface. However, when the motion of a droplet on a surface shows significant hysteresis, it is generally accepted that the solid's equilibrium properties cannot be determined. Here, we describe a method to measure surface tensions of soft solids with strong wetting hysteresis. With independent knowledge of the surface tension of the wetting fluid and the linear-elastic response of the solid, the solid deformations under the contact line and the contact angle of a single droplet together reveal the difference in surface tension of the solid against the liquid and vapor phases. If the solid's elastic properties are unknown, then this surface tension difference can be determined from the change in substrate deformations with contact angle. These results reveal an alternate equilibrium contact angle, equivalent to the classic form of Young-Dupr\'{e}, but with surface tensions in place of surface energies. We motivate and apply this approach with experiments on gelatin, a common hydrogel.Comment: 5 Figure

Dehydration drives damage in the freezing of brittle hydrogels

It is widely known that freezing breaks soft, wet materials. However, the mechanism underlying this damage is still not clear. To understand this process, we freeze model, brittle hydrogel samples, while observing the growth of ice-filled cracks that break these apart. We show that damage is not caused by the expansion of water upon freezing, or the growth of ice-filled cavities in the hydrogel. Instead, local ice growth dehydrates the surrounding hydrogel, leading to drying-induced fracture. This dehydration is driven by the process of cryosuction, whereby undercooled ice sucks nearby water towards itself, feeding its growth. Our results highlight the strong analogy between freezing damage and desiccation cracking, which we anticipate being useful for developing an understanding of both topics. Our results should also give useful insights into a wide range of freezing processes, including cryopreservation, food science and frost heave

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

Peer reviewe