Semiotic Conversions of the Linear Function Mathematical Object from Virtual Learning Objects

Se presenta el analisis de las conversiones en las transformaciones semióticas realizadas por estudiantes de grado noveno, en el aprendizaje del objeto matemático función lineal, ante la imposibilidad de hablar de objetos concretos y la confusión entre el objeto matemático y sus representaciones. El uso de Objetos Virtuales de Aprendizaje incorporados en una herramienta web llamada Matelengua se presenta como una posibilidad de registros semióticos y representaciones semióticas, dentro de la teoría de Raymond Duval y Bruno D’Amore. La metodología aplicada es de tipo cualitativo y con métodos de la teoría fundada, se comparó los resultados de seis estudiantes pertenecientes a grado noveno, de edades entre los 14 y 16 años, quienes manifestaron interés por participar en la investigación. Fueron aplicados talleres y entrevistas didácticas, proceso que se realizó durante tres meses. Para el análisis de los OVA se aplicó una matriz de revisión semiótica a partir de los criterios de García (2021). Los resultados muestran de forma significativa que los estudiantes no poseen una definición formal de la noción de función lineal, ni relacionan los diferentes registros semióticos, sin embargo, en el uso de los OVA como representaciones semióticas, logran mayor flexibilización entre las conversiones semióticas.The analysis of the conversions in the semiotic transformations carried out by ninth grade students is presented, in learning the mathematical object linear function, given the impossibility of talking about concrete objects and the confusion between the mathematical object and its representations. The use of Virtual Learning Objects incorporated in a web tool called Matelengua is presented as a possibility of semiotic registers and semiotic representations, within the theory of Raymond Duval and Bruno D'Amore. The applied methodology is of a qualitative type and with methods of the grounded theory, the results of six students belonging to ninth grade, aged between 14 and 16 years, who expressed interest in participating in the research, were compared. Didactic workshops and interviews were applied, a process that was carried out for three months. For the analysis of the OVAs, a semiotic review matrix was applied based on the criteria of García (2021). The results significantly show that the students do not have a formal definition of the notion of linear function, nor do they relate the different semiotic registers, however, in the use of the OVAs as semiotic representations, they achieve greater flexibility between the semiotic conversions

Proportionality and Linearity from the Concept of Linear Function, a Look from the Semiotic Approach of Raymond Duval and Bruno D'amore

Análisis desde el Enfoque Semiótico y la Teoría de Registros de Representaciones Semiótica TRRS de Raymon Duval y Bruno D’Amore, explora la relación de las categorías de proporcionalidad y linealidad en el contexto de objetos virtuales de aprendizaje incorporados en la herramienta web Matelengua para el objeto matemático de la función lineal. Se desarrolla de forma explicita la relación entre las magnitudes que presenta a partir del comportamiento proporcional y por ende de forma implícita la construcción de un modelo organizativo del pensamiento matemático creado cuando se trabajan con ejercicios de tabulación y graficación de la función lineal. Investigación de tipo cualitativo con métodos de la teoría fundada desde una intervención en el aula, con actividades realizadas en el contexto habitual de los estudiantes y desarrolladas en el trabajo de diferentes tipos de situaciones problema por seis estudiantes de grado noveno de educación básica, entre los 14 y 16 años de edad pertenecientes a una institución educativa publica ubicada en el municipio de Soacha-Cundinamarca-Colombia. Los resultados sugieren que los objetos virtuales aplicados para la función lineal que integran estos principios teóricos mejoran significativamente la comprensión de la proporcionalidad y linealidad en el aprendizaje y enseñanza para los estudiantes en matemáticas.Analysis from the Semiotic Approach and the Theory of Registers of Representations Semiotic TRRS by Raymon Duval and Bruno D'Amore, explores the relationship of the categories of proportionality and linearity in the context of virtual learning objects incorporated in the Matelengua web tool for the object linear function mathematician. The relationship between the magnitudes presented is explicitly developed based on proportional behavior and therefore implicitly the construction of an organizational model of mathematical thinking created when working with tabulation and graphing exercises of the linear function. Qualitative research with grounded theory methods from a classroom intervention, with activities carried out in the students' usual context and developed in the work of different types of problem situations by six ninth grade students of basic education, among them 14 and 16 years old belonging to a public educational institution located in the municipality of Soacha-Cundinamarca-Colombia. The results suggest that virtual objects applied to the linear function that integrate these theoretical principles significantly improve the understanding of proportionality and linearity in learning and teaching for students in mathematics

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas of oral cavity

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) often show up in an extranodal pattern, especially in the head and neck. Intraoral locations are much less frequent, particularly when they are single. This, in turn, can lead to a prolonged diagnosis and even to inadequate treatment. Different patients with initial extranodal location of NHL which were not previously diagnosed and in which it was manifested only intraoraly are presented in this paper. These cases are presented together with the additional examinations used for the early diagnosis and with the corresponding clinical pictures, as well as with the overview of other cases from the available literature

Enseñanza de la naturaleza de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad (NdCyTS): la provisionalidad del conocimiento científico. Una propuesta didáctica para la formación de profesores universitarios

Estudios de Cardoso y Morales (2010), respecto al estado actual de lasconcepciones de NdCyTS de profesores universitarios, establecen que sus ideas se asocian a modelos empiristas y positivistas de la ciencia. Con base en lo anterior, el estudio analiza un proceso de formación que permitió a los profesores avanzar en la transformación de sus concepciones. Las secuencias didácticas se asocian a componentes epistemológicos de la NdCyTS. El trabajo se encuentra en el marcodel Proyecto de Investigación Enseñanza y Aprendizaje NdCyTS en profesores universitarios de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, de la Universidad del  Tolima. El Ministerio de Educación de Colombia (MEN), bajo la convocatoria 2012 de “Realización de Estudios sobre Educación Superior. Trabajos de investigación sobre el sistema de educación superior” financió su desarrollo

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements