Checklist of the dipterofauna (Insecta) from Roraima, Brazil, with special reference to the Brazilian Ecological Station of Maracá

Roraima is a Brazilian state located in the northern portion of the Amazon basin, with few studies regarding its biodiversity. The Ecological Station of Maracá (Brazil, state of Roraima) harbors the third largest Brazilian pluvial island and is composed of a transitional landscape of savanna and Amazon rainforest components. Despite its ecological importance and strategic localization, few studies covered the dipterofauna of this locality. An updated checklist addressing 41 families of true flies (Diptera) occurring in Roraima is presented based on the literature and the specimens collected during a field expedition that occurred in 2015. This checklist brings several improvements such as new records of 165 taxa to the state of Roraima, 29 taxa to Brazil, and 259 morphotypes, mostly likely representing undescribed species

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Pequenas moscas brilhantes: sistemática de Pholeomyia Bilimek, 1867 (Diptera: Milichiidae: Milichiinae)

Milichiidae (Diptera: Schizophora) is a family of acalyptratae flies known for the fascinating kleptoparasitic biology of most of the species. Within the family, Milichiinae is the subfamily with the largest number of described species. The males of many species of the subfamily have silvery pilosity dorsally in the abdomen that makes them \"flash\", reflecting small beams of light when they swarm early in the morning. Several aspects of the systematics of the group need to be properly understood, including questions about the phylogenetic relationships between genera. Within the subfamily, Pholeomyia Bilimek has 39 described species, of which 27 occur in the Neotropical Region. The genus has not been completely reviewed so far in literature, and there are no studies establishing the phylogenetic relationships between the species or even hypotheses of monophyly of the genus based on non-homoplastic synapomorphies. Also, questions on the synonymy of Pseudomilichia with Pholeomyia still remain. Here, the evolution of Milichiinae is discussed, and a phylogenetic hypothesis of Pholeomyia based on male morphology is presented. The phylogenetic analysis included 72 terminal taxa (57 ingroup and 15 outgroup species) and used 67 morphological characters, resulting in a single most parsimonious tree under implied weights. The monophyly of Pholeomyia is recovered, and the new cladogram for the subfamily highlights the relationships between the milichiines. Our results also corroborate that Pseudomilichia is synonymous with Pholeomyia. The cladogram obtained with 57 species of the genus show four main clades, which position and species composition may find some level of adjustment with the addition of male abdomen information in the data matrix for 12 of the species included as terminals in the analysis.Milichiidae (Diptera: Schizophora) é uma família de moscas acaliptradas conhecidas pelo fascinante hábito cleptoparasita da maioria das espécies. Dentro da família, Milichiinae é a subfamília com o maior número de espécies descritas. Os machos de muitas espécies da subfamília apresentam pilosidade prateada dorsalmente no abdômen que os faz \"relampejar\", refletindo pequenos raios de luz quando enxameiam no início da manhã. Vários aspectos da sistemática do grupo precisam ser devidamente compreendidos, incluindo questões envolvendo as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros. Dentro da subfamília, Pholeomyia Bilimek, 1867 possui 39 espécies descritas, das quais 27 ocorrem na região Neotropical. O gênero não foi completamente revisto na literatura até o momento, e não há estudos que estabeleçam as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies ou mesmo hipóteses de monofilia do gênero baseadas em sinapomorfias não homoplásticas. Além disso, questões relacionadas a sinonímia de Pseudomilichia com Pholeomyia ainda permanecem. Aqui, a evolução de Milichiinae é discutida e uma hipótese filogenética de Pholeomyia baseada na morfologia de machos é apresentada. A análise filogenética incluiu 72 táxons terminais (57 espécies no grupo interno e 15 do grupo externo) e usou 67 caracteres morfológicos, resultando em uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa sob pesagem implícita. A monofilia de Pholeomyia é recuperada e o novo cladograma para a subfamília destaca as relações entre os gêneros de Milichiinae. Nossos resultados também corroboram que Pseudomilichia é sinônimo de Pholeomyia. O cladograma obtido com 57 espécies do gênero mostra quatro clados principais, cuja posição e composição de espécies podem encontrar algum nível de ajuste com a adição de informações do abdômen masculino na matriz de dados para 12 das espécies incluídas como terminais na análise

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions