Lymphadenitis due to Histoplasmosis capsulatum var. capsulatum : Unawareness or rare occurrence in the Democratic Republic of Congo? Unusual original report with first immunohistochemical phenotyping of the fungus: Lymphadénite à histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Méconnaissance ou rareté en République Démocratique du Congo ? Cas clinique inhabituel avec caractérisation du fungus par immunohistochimie

We have described herein the first lymphadenitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum with molecular characterization of the pathogen. The patient was a 55-year-old female from a remote village of Yabaondo in the former Province Orientale, currently Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) who presented with multiple swollen left neck lymph nodes. She reported weight loss (undefined) but was otherwise healthy, and a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) was postulated. The biopsy specimen yielded plenty yeast cells of H. capsulatum var capsulatum on Hematoxylin-Eosin routine staining. The molecular identity of the fungus was confirmed by immunohistochemistry at the Pasteur Institute of Paris. The rarity of reported cases of H. capsulatum var capsulatum in DRC prompted us to report this unique case to generate awareness and preparedness of this emerging/reemerging neglected tropical fungal infection against outbreaks. H. capsulatum var capsulatum needs to be considered in the work-up of lymphadenopathies in tropical environment. Nous décrivons le premier cas d’une lymphadénite spécifique histoplasmique à Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Il s’agissait d’une patiente de 55 ans originaire du village Yabaondo dans l’ancienne Province Orientale, actuellement Province de la Tshopo. Son état général était satisfaisant excepté un amaigrissement et la présence de nombreux ganglions cervicaux gauches de taille variable, présumés tuberculeuses (TB). La biopsie a montré un remaniement de l’architecture folliculaire remplacée par une prolifération de gros macrophages bourrés des spores d’H. capsulatum var capsulatum. L’immunohistochimie utilisant un anticorps spécifique maison a été réalisé à l’Institut Pasteur de Paris et a confirmé l’identité moléculaire du microorganisme. La rareté des cas d’histoplasmose à H. capsulatum en RD Congo nous a motivé à rapporter ce cas inédit afin d’attirer l’attention et de contribuer à la préparation de la lutte contre cette entité émergente/reémergente négligée. L’Histoplasmose à H. capsulatum var capsulatum doit être evoquée dans la demarche de diagnostic differentiel d’une lymphadénopathie en milieu tropical

Fifteen Years of Annual Mass Treatment of Onchocerciasis with Ivermectin Have Not Interrupted Transmission in the West Region of Cameroon

We followed up the 1996 baseline parasitological and entomological studies on onchocerciasis transmission in eleven health districts in West Region, Cameroon. Annual mass ivermectin treatment had been provided for 15 years. Follow-up assessments which took place in 2005, 2006, and 2011 consisted of skin snips for microfilariae (mf) and palpation examinations for nodules. Follow-up Simulium vector dissections for larval infection rates were done from 2011 to 2012. mf prevalence in adults dropped from 68.7% to 11.4%, and nodule prevalence dropped from 65.9% to 12.1%. The decrease of mf prevalence in children from 29.2% to 8.9% was evidence that transmission was still continuing. mf rates in the follow-up assessments among adults and in children levelled out after a sharp reduction from baseline levels. Only three health districts out of 11 were close to interruption of transmission. Evidence of continuing transmission was also observed in two out of three fly collection sites that had infective rates of 0.19% and 0.18% and ATP of 70 (Foumbot) and 300 (Massangam), respectively. Therefore, halting of annual mass treatment with ivermectin cannot be done after 15 years as it might escalate the risk of transmission recrudescence

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

The Influence of Covid-19 on Digital Transformationand Sustainability of Small & Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria

Çalışma, Nijerya'nın güney-güney bölgesinde yer alan küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin dijital dönüşümüne ve sürdürülebilirliğine Covid-19'un etkisini inceledi. Araştırma, anket tasarımını benimsemiş, tasarımın seçiminde Covid-19'un KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki etkisine yönelik insan davranışsal yaklaşımı temel alınmıştır. Çalışma, örneklem büyüklüğünü seçmek için basit rastgele örnekleme tekniklerini benimsemiştir. Hedef örneklem büyüklüğü Nijerya'nın Güney-Güney bölgesinde 400 KOBİ'dir. Anketler KOBİ'lerin işletme sahiplerine, müşterilerine, yöneticilerine, muhasebecilerine uygulanmıştır. Çalışma, yoğun tamamlamanın Nijerya'daki KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliğini etkilemediğini buldu. Nijerya'daki KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde entegre e-cüzdan etkisinin olduğu ortaya çıktı. Çalışma, sosyal medya kullanımının Nijerya'daki KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde etkisi olduğunu ortaya çıkardı. Son olarak çalışma, işlem izlemenin Nijerya'daki KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki etkisini ortaya çıkardı. Çalışma, çalışmanın, Covid-19'un Nijerya'nın Güney Güney jeopolitik bölgesindeki KOBİ'lerin sürdürülebilirliği üzerinde hem olumsuz hem de olumlu etkisi olduğu sonucuna vardığı sonucuna varmıştır. Çalışma, hükümetin ve paydaşların, kredi taksitlerinde muafiyet ve vergi muafiyeti, ülkedeki KOBİ'leri hedefleyen acil durum fonu ayrılması ve vergilerin ertelenmesi veya vergiden muaf tutulması, daha düşük faiz oranı gibi çeşitli politikalar yoluyla iş aktörlerini gelişmeye teşvik edebileceğini öne sürdü. KOBİ'lerin COVID-19 salgını sırasında ve sonrasında ayakta kalmasını sağlamak için uygun politika yapıcılar tarafından da başlatılacaktır.The study examined the impact of Covid-19 on digital transformation and sustainability of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria in the south-south region in Nigeria. The study used the survey design. The design was chosen based on a people-behavioral approach to the influence of Covid-19 on SME sustainability. The study used basic random sampling approaches to determine the sample size. The planned sample size is 400 SMEs from Nigeria's South-South region. The surveys were distributed to business owners, consumers, managers, and accountants from SMEs. The study discovered that intense completion had little effect on the sustainability of SMEs in Nigeria. It was discovered that integrated e-wallets affect the sustainability of SMEs in Nigeria. The study discovered that the usage of social media has an influence on the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises in Nigeria. Finally, the study discovered that transaction monitoring had an influence on the sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises in Nigeria. The study revealed that Covid-19 has both negative and positive influence on the sustainability of SMEs in the South South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The study recommended that the government and stakeholders can encourage business actors to develop through various policies, such as loan dispensation and tax exemption, the establishment of an emergency fund aimed at SMEs in the country, and the deferment or waiver of taxes. Lower interest rates could also be implemented by appropriate policymakers to keep SMEs afloat during and after the COVID-19 pandemic