Lymphadenitis due to Histoplasmosis capsulatum var. capsulatum : Unawareness or rare occurrence in the Democratic Republic of Congo? Unusual original report with first immunohistochemical phenotyping of the fungus: Lymphadénite à histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Méconnaissance ou rareté en République Démocratique du Congo ? Cas clinique inhabituel avec caractérisation du fungus par immunohistochimie

We have described herein the first lymphadenitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum with molecular characterization of the pathogen. The patient was a 55-year-old female from a remote village of Yabaondo in the former Province Orientale, currently Tshopo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) who presented with multiple swollen left neck lymph nodes. She reported weight loss (undefined) but was otherwise healthy, and a presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) was postulated. The biopsy specimen yielded plenty yeast cells of H. capsulatum var capsulatum on Hematoxylin-Eosin routine staining. The molecular identity of the fungus was confirmed by immunohistochemistry at the Pasteur Institute of Paris. The rarity of reported cases of H. capsulatum var capsulatum in DRC prompted us to report this unique case to generate awareness and preparedness of this emerging/reemerging neglected tropical fungal infection against outbreaks. H. capsulatum var capsulatum needs to be considered in the work-up of lymphadenopathies in tropical environment. Nous décrivons le premier cas d’une lymphadénite spécifique histoplasmique à Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum. Il s’agissait d’une patiente de 55 ans originaire du village Yabaondo dans l’ancienne Province Orientale, actuellement Province de la Tshopo. Son état général était satisfaisant excepté un amaigrissement et la présence de nombreux ganglions cervicaux gauches de taille variable, présumés tuberculeuses (TB). La biopsie a montré un remaniement de l’architecture folliculaire remplacée par une prolifération de gros macrophages bourrés des spores d’H. capsulatum var capsulatum. L’immunohistochimie utilisant un anticorps spécifique maison a été réalisé à l’Institut Pasteur de Paris et a confirmé l’identité moléculaire du microorganisme. La rareté des cas d’histoplasmose à H. capsulatum en RD Congo nous a motivé à rapporter ce cas inédit afin d’attirer l’attention et de contribuer à la préparation de la lutte contre cette entité émergente/reémergente négligée. L’Histoplasmose à H. capsulatum var capsulatum doit être evoquée dans la demarche de diagnostic differentiel d’une lymphadénopathie en milieu tropical

Fifteen Years of Annual Mass Treatment of Onchocerciasis with Ivermectin Have Not Interrupted Transmission in the West Region of Cameroon

We followed up the 1996 baseline parasitological and entomological studies on onchocerciasis transmission in eleven health districts in West Region, Cameroon. Annual mass ivermectin treatment had been provided for 15 years. Follow-up assessments which took place in 2005, 2006, and 2011 consisted of skin snips for microfilariae (mf) and palpation examinations for nodules. Follow-up Simulium vector dissections for larval infection rates were done from 2011 to 2012. mf prevalence in adults dropped from 68.7% to 11.4%, and nodule prevalence dropped from 65.9% to 12.1%. The decrease of mf prevalence in children from 29.2% to 8.9% was evidence that transmission was still continuing. mf rates in the follow-up assessments among adults and in children levelled out after a sharp reduction from baseline levels. Only three health districts out of 11 were close to interruption of transmission. Evidence of continuing transmission was also observed in two out of three fly collection sites that had infective rates of 0.19% and 0.18% and ATP of 70 (Foumbot) and 300 (Massangam), respectively. Therefore, halting of annual mass treatment with ivermectin cannot be done after 15 years as it might escalate the risk of transmission recrudescence

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Small scale experiments on severe slugging in flexible risers.

Severe slugging is an undesirable unsteady multiphase flow phenomenon which occurs in riser-pipeline systems. During the course of this masters thesis work, a dynamic coupling has been shown to exist between this flow phenomenon and the flexible riser in which it occurs. To analyse the influence of this coupling, the cyclic displacement of the riser and the loads exerted by this cyclic displacement on the risers attachment point to a topside vessel have been evaluated.A small scale experiment has been set up of a flexible riser (L and S configurations) undergoing the severe slugging cycle. The flexible risers were produced from a flexible transparent hose of internal diameter 0.016 metres and a load cell was used to measure the loads on the riser attachment point to a topside vessel. Three accelerometers were attached along the riser to measure the acceleration of the riser at defined points. The experiment was video recorded and from this, video analysis was used to calculate the displacement of the flexible riser during the severe slugging cycle. Data from the experiments was logged by Catman analysis tool and was compared with numerical simulations from OLGA.Substantial displacement of the flexible riser has been recorded on both configurations of the flexible riser. Displacements in the order of approximately 1 metre have been recorded on some riser points on both riser configurations. When this occurs, there is a cyclic loading on the attachment point of the flexible riser to the topside vessel and this loading in the long term could lead to fatigue of the riser and probable failure. This loading has been illustrated, and maximum and minimum values for both riser configurations have been recorded.For the constructed L-riser, the displacement of the riser at the top, middle and bottom sections were found to be 0.8588, 0.9760 and 0.5856 metres respectively. The maximum and minimum loads on the attachment points of the L-riser to the topside vessel during the severe slugging cycle have been found to be 0.1 and 6.4 Newtons respectively.For the constructed S-riser, the displacement of the riser at the top, middle and bottom section were found to be 0.112, 0.7760 and 0.957 metres respectively. The maximum and minimum loads on the attachment point of the S-riser to the topside vessel during the severe slugging cycle have been found to be 8.0 and 13.6 Newton respectively

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

The devastating effect of the yet-to-be-resolved COVID-19 pandemic permeated all spheres of human endeavor, basically every nation across the globe is still grappling with the solution to an exit plan from the global widespread cataclysm. The climax of the epidemic led to a global shutdown of all economic transactions globally in march 2020; leading to negative economic experiences such as depression and recession by many economies. Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves the layout, organization, execution, management and monitoring of the free flow of goods (raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods) as well as services amongst individual or organization from origin to the final consumer. Empirical evidence has shown that the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic is traced to Wuhan, China in late 2019. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of the global pandemic on sustainable supply management in Nigeria. The foremost issues this study seek to clarify includes; shutdown in traditional export/import activities, increased demurrage on un-cleared goods and reduced capacity utilization. The study will elucidate on the basic conceptualization of Supply Chain Management, COVID-19 and Sustainability; specifically, the study will adopt the Network Perspective (NP) theory to comprehensively explain Supply Chain Management concept. Qualitative research methodology was adopted in conducting the study through comprehensive personal interviews to clarify SCM issues and the use of secondary data to obtain documented information as well. The outcome of the study will form the basis of the study discussion of the findings. Based on study objective and the discussion of findings, recommendations and conclusions will be deduced to ensure that all stakeholders make adequate input to eradicate terrorism in Nigeria