Participation and autonomy in the intercultural contexts of Indian Health: reflections from southern Brazil

The democratization of health actions and services in Brazil, as expressed in the National Health System (SUS) established in 1990, is based upon new relations between the State and society. Ideally, the principles and directives of SUS, also created in the Health Care Reform movement from 1976 onwards, establish the central role of the consumer and shift the axis of power from macro-institutions to local and regional levels, with broad participation of all the sectors that make up the health service field. In view of the historical inequalities and inequities experienced by the indigenous peoples of Brazil, the Subsystem of Attention to Indian Health as part of SUS was established in 1999. Since the implementation of the Subsystem seven years ago, there have been few reflections regarding the praxis of its key concepts in intercultural contexts: differentiated attention, Indian Health Agents and participation and social control. Considering these aspects, this article evaluates the model of attention to Indian health. Based on research from Southern Brazil, specifically from the State of Santa Catarina, and on the experience of participation in situations of social control, the authors hope to contribute to an evaluation of the Subsystem, which is imperative at this moment.A democratização das ações e serviços de saúde no Brasil, expressa no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em 1990, tem como base novas relações entre estado e sociedade. Idealisticamente, os princípios e as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde, forjados ainda no Movimento de Reforma Sanitária a partir de 1976, estabelecem o papel central do usuário e deslocam o eixo do poder das macroestruturas para os níveis locais e regionais, com a ampla participação de todos os setores que compõem o cenário da saúde. No caso indígena, o Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena no âmbito do SUS foi implementado em 1999, face às históricas desigualdades e iniqüidades vividas por esses povos no Brasil. Desde a implantação do Subsistema, há sete anos, são poucas as reflexões sobre os conceitos-chaves e sua práxis em contextos interculturais: atenção diferenciada, Agentes Indígenas de Saúde e participação e controle social. Esse artigo traz uma avaliação do modelo de atenção à saúde indígena com base nesses aspectos. A partir de pesquisas realizadas no sul do Brasil, especificamente no Estado de Santa Catarina e na experiência de participação em instâncias de controle social, buscamos contribuir para a avaliação, que é exígua até o momento

Study of impregnation and drying factors in the characteristics of globules used in homeopathy

Globules are one of the most dosage forms dispensed in homeopathic pharmacies in Brazil. This work aimed at comparing different impregnation techniques specified in the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia 2 Edition and Manual of Technical Norms for Homeopathic Pharmacy 3 Edition and the practical in homeopathic pharmacies in the city of Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The formulations variables percent active raw material (3 and 10%), impregnation type (simple and triple) and the process variable drying temperature (20 and 50ºC) were analyzed through a factorial design 2³. The studied answers were the weight before and after the impregnation and time of disaggregation. The results show a larger weight difference with the 10% impregnation and the drying of 50ºC, regardless of the impregnation type. The time of disaggregation wasn't influenced by the studied variables (p < 0.05). The best homogeneity was verified for the formulation with triple impregnation at 10%.Glóbulos são uma das formas farmacêuticas mais dispensadas em farmácias homeopáticas no Brasil. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar técnicas de impregnação especificadas na Farmacopéia Homeopática Brasileira 2ª Edição e Manual de Normas Técnicas para Farmácia Homeopática 3ª Edição e na prática em farmácias homeopáticas do município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. As variáveis de formulação percentual de insumo ativo (3 e 10%) e tipo de impregnação (simples e tríplice) e a variável de processo temperatura de secagem (20 e 50ºC) foram analisadas através de planejamento fatorial 2³. As respostas estudadas foram o peso antes e após impregnação e o tempo de desagregação. Os resultados mostraram maior diferença de peso com impregnação a 10 % e secagem a 50ºC, independente do tipo de impregnação. O tempo de desagregação não foi influenciado pelas variáveis em estudo (p < 0,05). Verificou-se melhor homogeneidade para a formulação com impregnação tríplice a 10%

Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition

The idea that noncrop habitat enhances pest control and represents a win–win opportunity to conserve biodiversity and bolster yields has emerged as an agroecological paradigm. However, while noncrop habitat in landscapes surrounding farms sometimes benefits pest predators, natural enemy responses remain heterogeneous across studies and effects on pests are inconclusive. The observed heterogeneity in species responses to noncrop habitat may be biological in origin or could result from variation in how habitat and biocontrol are measured. Here, we use a pest-control database encompassing 132 studies and 6,759 sites worldwide to model natural enemy and pest abundances, predation rates, and crop damage as a function of landscape composition. Our results showed that although landscape composition explained significant variation within studies, pest and enemy abundances, predation rates, crop damage, and yields each exhibited different responses across studies, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing in landscapes with more noncrop habitat but overall showing no consistent trend. Thus, models that used landscape-composition variables to predict pest-control dynamics demonstrated little potential to explain variation across studies, though prediction did improve when comparing studies with similar crop and landscape features. Overall, our work shows that surrounding noncrop habitat does not consistently improve pest management, meaning habitat conservation may bolster production in some systems and depress yields in others. Future efforts to develop tools that inform farmers when habitat conservation truly represents a win–win would benefit from increased understanding of how landscape effects are modulated by local farm management and the biology of pests and their enemies

Supplement: "Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914" (2016, ApJL, 826, L13)

This Supplement provides supporting material for Abbott et al. (2016a). We briefly summarize past electromagnetic (EM) follow-up efforts as well as the organization and policy of the current EM follow-up program. We compare the four probability sky maps produced for the gravitational-wave transient GW150914, and provide additional details of the EM follow-up observations that were performed in the different bands

Agravos na saúde Kaingáng (Terra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina) e a estrutura dos serviços de atenção biomédica

O segundo semestre de 1999 foi caracterizado como um período transitório para a montagem do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Interior Sul na Terra Indígena Xapecó, oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina. No Posto de Saúde da aldeia Sede prestavam atendimento um clínico geral/obstetra e um pediatra, um dentista, uma enfermeira, dois auxiliares de enfermagem e quatro atendentes de enfermagem. Aqui são apresentados os resultados preliminares de um estudo voltado para descrever, entre outros aspectos, a organização dos serviços de saúde, seu uso pela comunidade e o perfil saúde/doença dos Kaingáng, investigado pela análise de prontuários. No mês de setembro de 1999, foram atendidos 222 índios (crianças e adultos), sendo 50,5% residentes na aldeia Sede. Entre os índios de 0 a 14 anos, as doenças infecto-parasitárias foram as mais recorrentes, fortalecendo a idéia de que os Kaingáng vivem em condições precárias de saneamento e alimentação. A procura do serviço pelos adultos, por sua vez, reflete uma certa complexidade, já que das 116 pessoas atendidas, 27 eram gestantes, em um total de 86 mulheres. Além disso, foram emitidas prescrições para as crianças e para os adultos em 85% e 81,8% dos atendimentos, respectivamente

Transformações na Atenção à Saúde Indígena: Tensões e Negociações em um Contexto Indígena Brasileiro

Transformations in the Indigenous Health Care: Tensions and Negotiations in a Brazilian Indigenous Context Abstract In Latin America countries, programs and public policies aimed at indigenous health have impacted on new roles and border spaces. By addressing indigenous participation in primary healthcare, we analyze the tensions and negotiations before and after the implementation of the Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem in Brazil, providing as an example the indigenous land Kaingáng (TIK) located in the south of the country. Prior to the implementation of the Subsystem, the definition and execution of the services in this TIK were characterized by the strong presence of indigenous people linked to the indigenous political leader and the weak presence of institutions. Since 2000, the subsystem started covering various public and private segments. In the TIK, the role of a Kaingáng organization was full of ambiguities and paradoxes, because while it was an opportunity for getting a greater role in the negotiation spaces created by the State, it was also subject to the priorities defined in outer spaces to the ethnic group