Changes in innervation of lumbar motoneurons and organization of premotor network following training of transected adult rats

International audienceRats with complete spinal cord transection (SCT) can recover hindlimb locomotor function under strategies combining exercise training and 5-HT agonist treatment. This recovery is expected to result from structural and functional reorganization within the spinal cord below the lesion. To begin to understand the nature of this reorganization, we examined synaptic changes to identified gastrocnemius (GS) or tibialis anterior (TA) moto-neurons (MNs) in SCT rats after a schedule of early exercise training and delayed 5-HT agonist treatment. In addition, we analyzed changes in distribution and number of lumbar interneurons (INs) presynaptic to GS MNs using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus. In SCT-untrained rats, we found few changes in the density and size of inhibitory and excitatory inputs impinging on cell bodies of TA and GS MNs compared to intact rats, whereas there was a marked trend for a reduction in the number of premotor INs connected to GS MNs. In contrast, after training of SCT rats, a significant increase of the density of GABAergic and glycinergic axon terminals was observed on both GS and TA motoneuronal cell bodies, as well as of presynaptic P-boutons on VGLUT1 afferents. Despite these changes in innervation the number of premotor INs connected to GS MNs was similar to control values although some new connections to MNs were observed. These results suggest that adaptation of gait patterns in SCT-trained rats was accompanied by changes in the innervation of lumbar MNs while the distribution of the spinal premotor circuitry was relatively preserved

Rationales, design and recruitment for the Elfe longitudinal study

Background Many factors act simultaneously in childhood to influence health status, life chances and well being, including pre-birth influences, the environmental pollutants of early life, health status but also the social influences of family and school. A cohort study is needed to disentangle these influences and explore attribution. Methods Elfe will be a nationally representative cohort of 20 000 children followed from birth to adulthood using a multidisciplinary approach. The cohort will be based on the INSEE Permanent Demographic Panel (EDP) established using census data and civil records. The sample size has been defined in order to match the representativeness criteria and to obtain some prevalence estimation, but also to address the research area of low exposure/rare effects. The cohort will be based on repeated surveys by face to face or phone interview (at birth and each year) as well as medical interview (at 2 years) and examination (at 6 years). Furthermore, biological samples will be taken at birth to evaluate the foetal exposition to toxic substances, environmental sensors will be placed in the child's homes. Pilot studies have been initiated in 2007 (500 children) with an overall acceptance rate of 55% and are currently under progress, the 2-year survey being carried out in October this year. Discussion The longitudinal study will provide a unique source of data to analyse the development of children in their environment, to study the various factors interacting throughout the life course up to adulthood and to determine the impact of childhood experience on the individual's physical, psychological, social and professional development

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Le Tutorat à la Faculté de Pharmacie de Nancy (bilans et expériences professionnelles)

Le Tutorat est un système d'aide à la préparation au concours de première année qui s'adresse à tous les étudiants de première année qui le souhaitent. Il est basé sur le bénévolat d'étudiants de deuxième, troisième et quatrième année. A la Faculté de Pharmacie de Nancy, il a été mis en place lors de la rentrée universitaire 2001 et depuis son développement est constant. L'historique montre que l'intégration de cette initiative étudiante est une réussite grâce au travail de l'équipe du Tutorat mais aussi grâce au soutien constant de la Faculté. Les études réalisées en 2005-2006 et en 2006-2007 permettent de mettre en lumière l'impact positif du Tutorat sur les résultats et la réussite au concours et le sentiment de satisfaction générale des étudiants tutorés. Mais de façon un peu contradictoire, il semble que, les étudiants tutorés ne profitent pas au maximum de cette aide. Mon expérience en tant que tutorée puis en tant que tutrice et enfin en tant que co-responsable étudiant m'a été très utile et je peux donc avec le recul percevoir les forces, les faiblesses du Tutorat et faire des propositions pour renforcer son avenir.NANCY1-SCD Pharmacie-Odontologie (543952101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Versailles. Lecture d'un jardin

Cette lecture contemporaine et directe du jardin tel qu'il se présente permet de relever, dans la variété des formes et des figures, et leur mode de distribution, les indices de son évolution : le jardin, comme tout paysage, enregistre le temps. En retrouvant le tracé régulateur du jardin, pour lequel Le Nôtre a utilisé la division «en moyenne et extrême raison», les auteurs montrent l'originalité de celui-ci, créateur de rythmes et de complexité, par rapport à Mansart, qui reprend certains tracés, les modifie et crée un jardin statique. Les paysagistes modernes trouvent intérêt à remettre à jour la science très complexe que déployaient les architectes de jardins tels que Le Nôtre.Corajoud Michel, Coulon , Loze Marie-Hélène. Versailles. Lecture d'un jardin. In: Les Annales de la recherche urbaine, N°18, 1983. Des paysages. pp. 105-117

Monoclonal Antibodies Which Recognize the Acidic Configuration of the Rabies Glycoprotein at the Surface of the Virion Can Be Neutralizing

AbstractAround 15% of our anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) failed to neutralize the infectivity of the rabies virus during a 1-hr incubation at room temperature. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that it is possible to induce a massive conformational change of the glycoprotein population by incubating the virus at acidic pH. The conformational change is reversible and consequently viral infectivity is not affected by transient exposure at acidic pH. The proportion of glycoproteins in acidic or neutral configuration depends on the pH which means that even at neutral pH some glycoproteins transiently adopt the acidic configuration and vice versa. Here we report that some of our nonneutralizing MAbs recognize the acidic form of the glycoprotein at the virion surface. After incubation of the virus at pH 64, most glycoproteins are in the acidic configuration. Further 1-hr incubation with these MAbs at the same pH resulted in more immunoglobulins being attached to the virus and consequently neutralization was induced. It was also possible to induce neutralization with the same MAbs by incubation at neutral pH for a longer period or at a higher temperature. Mutants resistant to neutralization by these MAbs could be selected. Mutations confering resistance to neutralization were not localized in previously described antigenic sites and did not modify these sites at distance. They had no effect on the pathogenic power of the virus. Either they are situated in the epitope or they modify the epitope, so that it is no longer recognized by the antibody on the acidic configuration of the protein. Alternatively, these mutations may stabilize the protein in its neutral configuration. In addition, these experiments confirm our previous finding that neutralization requires the fixation of a large number of immunoglobulins on the virus, irrespective of the region of the protein recognized by the antibody

Early postnatal maturation in vestibulospinal pathways involved in neck and forelimb motor control

International audienceTo assess the organization and functional development of vestibulospinal inputs to cervical motoneurons (MNs), we have used electrophysiology (ventral root and electromyographic [EMG] recording), calcium imaging, trans-synaptic rabies virus (RV) and conventional retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry in the neonatal mouse. By stimulating the VIIIth nerve electrically while recording synaptically mediated calcium responses in MNs, we characterized the inputs from the three vestibulospinal tracts, the separate ipsilateral and contralateral medial vestibulospinal tracts (iMVST/cMVST) and the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST), to MNs in the medial and lateral motor columns (MMC and LMC) of cervical segments. We found that ipsilateral inputs from the iMVST and LVST were differentially distributed to the MMC and LMC in the different segments, and that all contralateral inputs to MMC and LMC MNs in each segment derive from the cMVST. Using trans-synaptic RV retrograde tracing as well as pharmacological manipulation of VIIIth nerve-elicited synaptic responses, we found that a substantial proportion of inputs to both neck and forelimb extensor MNs was mediated monosynaptically, but that polysynaptic inputs were also significant. By recording EMG responses evoked by natural stimulation of the vestibular apparatus, we found that vestibular-mediated motor output to the neck and forelimb musculature became more robust during the first 10 postnatal days, concurrently with a decrease in the latency of MN discharge evoked by VIIIth nerve electrical stimulation. Together, these results provide insight into the complexity of vestibulospinal connectivity in the cervical spinal cord and a cogent demonstration of the functional maturation that vestibulospinal connections undergo postnatally. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1061-1077, 2016

Segmental Organization of Vestibulospinal Inputs to Spinal Interneurons Mediating Crossed Activation of Thoracolumbar Motoneurons in the Neonatal Mouse

International audienceVestibulospinal pathways activate contralateral motoneurons (MNs) in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the neonatal mouse exclusively via axons descending ipsilaterally from the vestibular nuclei via the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST; Kasumacic et al., 2010). Here we investigate how transmission from the LVST to contralateral MNs is mediated by descending commissural interneurons (dCINs) in different spinal segments. We test the polysynaptic nature of this crossed projection by assessing LVST-mediated ventral root (VR) response latencies, manipulating synaptic responses pharmacologically, and tracing the pathway transynaptically from hindlimb extensor muscles using rabies virus (RV). Longer response latencies in contralateral than ipsilateral VRs, near-complete abolition of LVST-mediated calcium responses in contralateral MNs by mephenesin, and the absence of transsynaptic RV labeling of contralateral LVST neurons within a monosynaptic time window all indicate an overwhelmingly polysynaptic pathway from the LVST to contralateral MNs. Optical recording of synaptically mediated calcium responses identifies LVST-responsive ipsilateral dCINs that exhibit segmental differences in proportion and dorsoventral distribution. In contrast to thoracic and lower lumbar segments, in which most dCINs are LVST responsive, upper lumbar segments stand out because they contain a much smaller and more ventrally restricted subpopulation of LVST-responsive dCINs. A large proportion of these upper lumbar LVST-responsive dCINs project to contralateral L5, which contains many of the hindlimb extensor MNs activated by the LVST. A selective channeling of LVST inputs through segmentally and dorsoventrally restricted subsets of dCINs provides a mechanism for targeting vestibulospinal signals differentially to contralateral trunk and hindlimb MNs in the mammalian spinal cord

Effet de la composition floristique du foin et des variants génétiques des caséines sur les caractéristiques chimiques et sensorielles des fromages affinés

International audienc

Les galeries historiques de Versailles au XIXe siècle : origine, organisation, réception

Les Galeries historiques de Louis-Philippe ont longtemps été l’angle mort de la recherche sur le château de Versailles. Coincées entre l’illustre histoire de la construction du palais et de l’installation de la cour sous l’Ancien Régime et la résurrection des lieux par Pierre de Nolhac à la fin du XIXe siècle, les Galeries historiques ont pourtant été à l’origine de la mutation du château de Versailles en musée mais également d’une nouvelle lecture de l’histoire nationale. Pour Louis-Philippe, cette nouvelle lecture devait coïncider avec la fabrication d’une nouvelle imagerie qui devait illustrer une histoire de France glorieuse, plurielle et continue depuis Clovis jusqu’à son propre règne. La journée d’études qui s’est tenue le 9 octobre 2019, sous la direction de Laurent Cazes, s’est intéressée à la création de cette nouvelle iconographie dans le cadre de la fondation des Galeries historiques. Quelle image de l’histoire de France veut-on transmettre ? Par quels moyens constitue-t-on une imagerie nationale cohérente ? Dans quelle mesure une telle collection peut constituer un outil efficace d’instrumentalisation politique de l’histoire ? Les études réunies aujourd’hui dans ces actes visent à actualiser la réflexion sur ces questions en prenant le parti d’interroger la démarche iconographique de l’institution : un musée de l’Histoire de France, pour quelle représentation de l’histoire ? Cette journée d’études et ses actes s’inscrivent dans le cadre des travaux du programme de recherche « La représentation de l’histoire au sein des collections du musée de Versailles » qui a été lancé en 2017 au sein du Centre de recherche du château de Versailles. Le programme de la journée d’études : « Les Galeries historiques de Versailles : fondation, organisation, réception », 9 octobre 2019, Versailles, Centre de recherche du château de Versailles. Le programme de recherche : « La représentation de l’histoire au sein des collections du musée de Versailles ». Direction : Chantal Grell, université Versailles Saint-Quentin. Coordination : Bastien Coulon, Centre de recherche du château de Versailles. Textes réunis et présentés par Bastien Coulon. Date de mise en ligne : 20 octobre 2021 For a long time, Louis-Philippe’s History Galleries were a blind spot in research into the Château de Versailles. Caught between the illustrious history of the palace’s construction, the installation of the court during the Ancien Régime and the site’s revival by Pierre de Nolhac at the end of the nineteenth century, the History Galleries paved the way for both the Château de Versailles’s transformation into a museum and a new reading of national history. For Louis-Philippe, this new reading had to dovetail with the creation of new imagery intended to illustrate a glorious, pluralist and continuous history of France extending from Clovis to his own regime. The study day, which took place on 9 October 2019, under the supervision of Laurent Cazes, examined the creation of this new iconography in the context of the founding of the History Galleries. What image of the history of France were they seeking to transmit? How could a coherent national image be created? To what extent could a collection of this kind serve as a useful tool in the political exploitation of history? The studies brought together in these proceedings reveal current thinking on these issues and examine the institution’s iconographic approach: how should a museum devoted to the history of France represent this history? The study day and the resulting proceedings are part of the research programme ‘The representation of history in the collections of the Musée de Versailles’, launched in 2017 by the Château de Versailles’s research centre. Study day programme: ‘Les Galeries historiques de Versailles : fondation, organisation, réception’, 9 October 2019, Versailles, Centre de Recherche du Château de Versailles. Research programme: ‘La représentation de l’histoire au sein des collections du musée de Versailles’. Supervisor: Chantal Grell, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin. Coordination: Bastien Coulon, Centre de Recherche du Château de Versailles. Texts collected and presented by Bastien Coulon. Date of online publication: 20 October 202