Rapport méthodologique de l'enquête SANTE-COURSE

Ce rapport décrit la méthodologie de l’enquête SANTE-COURSE, dont le protocole de recherche, le questionnaire, le plan de gestion des données et le rapport d’enquête sont disponibles en accès libre à l’adresse suivante : https://hal.science/SANTE-COURSE. Ce rapport méthodologique présente ainsi la conception et la réalisation de l’enquête SANTE-COURSE, visant à mieux connaître les livreurs des plateformes numériques de livraison de repas travaillant en France aujourd’hui. Cette enquête vise en outre à objectiver les liens entre la santé et les conditions de vie et de travail dans ce groupe de travailleurs dits « ubérisés », à l’intersection d’enjeux de santé au travail et de santé des immigrés. Il s’attache également à décrire la démarche participative mise en place à chaque étape de la conception et de la réalisation de l’enquête, fruit d’un travail collectif entre des équipes de recherche, des associations et des (ex-)livreurs. Cette réflexion collective a guidé la stratégie d’enquête dans un contexte contraint : absence de base de sondage, atomisation spatiale des livreurs, phénomène important de « location de compte » qui requiert de collecter les données directement auprès des livreurs plutôt qu’auprès des propriétaires de compte, difficultés à atteindre une population vulnérabilisée

Fifty years of family reunification in France: an increasingly less common route of entry

Since 1976, family reunification has enabled third-country immigrants in France to be joined by their spouse and minor children. Use of this entry route is in decline and, as of 2023, it represented only 5% of all first residence permits issued. While other entry routes for families have been opened up, migration policies have tightened the financial and residential criteria for family reunification. The family model on which the policy is based does not fit the profile of new migrants. Family reunification is now primarily sought by men from the Maghreb region or sub-Saharan Africa who have started a family since their arrival in France

Cinquante ans de regroupement familial : une voie d’entrée sur le territoire désormais plus rare

Depuis 1976, la procédure de regroupement familial permet aux immigrés non européens d’être rejoints par leurs conjoint marié et enfants mineurs. Cette voie d’admission est en baisse et ne représente que 5 % de l’ensemble des premiers titres de séjour d’au moins un an délivrés en 2023. Les politiques migratoires ont durci les conditions économiques et résidentielles du regroupement familial. Le modèle familial sur lequel il repose est peu ajusté au profil des nouveaux migrants. Le regroupement familial aujourd’hui est surtout sollicité par des hommes originaires du Maghreb ou d’Afrique subsaharienne, ayant formé une famille à l’étranger après leur arrivée en France

The impact of HIV stigma and discrimination on HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment, and viral suppression in Africa: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys

Background: UNAIDS' ending AIDS targets include ensuring that less than 10% of people with HIV, at risk of HIV, or affected by HIV experience HIV stigma and discrimination. We aimed to estimate the effect of HIV stigma and discrimination on the HIV care cascade in eastern, southern, central, and western Africa—regions with the largest HIV burden worldwide. Methods: We used population-based surveys in countries in eastern, southern, central and western Africa from 2000 onward identified through previous reviews and data catalogues. Surveys eligible for inclusion were screened and selected if they contained at least one measure of HIV stigma and discrimination, and at least one HIV outcome (ie, HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy [ART] use, or viral suppression). The individual-level data from all included surveys were pooled for our analyses. We assessed three community-level HIV stigma exposures (continuous): discriminatory attitudes, perceived stigma, and shame of association with people with HIV. Among people with HIV, we examined individual-level, past-year anticipated, or experienced stigma in health-care settings (binary). Using Poisson regression, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for the effect of each stigma measure on past-year HIV testing, ART use, and viral suppression. We used segmented regression with a median breakpoint to model non-linear effects of community-level stigma. Findings: We identified 124 surveys in 38 countries published between 2000 and 2023. Stigma towards people with HIV was high. 51% of participants held discriminatory attitudes, 71% perceived HIV stigma, and 43% reported shame of association. Among people with HIV, 34% had anticipated, and 8% experienced, health-care stigma. Where the prevalence of community-level discriminatory attitudes was equal to or above the median, people were less likely to have tested for HIV (aPR 0·88 per 10% increase, 95% CI 0·87–0·88), and people with HIV had lower ART use (0·96 per 10% increase, 0·94–0·97) and viral suppression (0·96, 0·95–0·98). Similarly, communities with higher (≥median) shame of association levels had lower testing (aPR 0·97 per 10% increase, 95% CI 0·96–0·98) and viral suppression (0·98, 0·96–1·00). People with HIV who anticipated or experienced health-care stigma were 7% (95% CI 4–10) less likely to be on ART and 10% (6–14) less likely to be virally suppressed, possibly reaching 14% (7–21) and 16% (9–23) when adjusted for selection bias. Interpretation: HIV stigma and discrimination have measurable, widespread, negative effects on the full cascade of care: HIV testing, treatment, and viral suppression. These effects are most pronounced in communities with the highest levels of stigma. Stigma reduction strategies should be prioritised to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequities

Academic resilience and policy reform in France

The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the French education system, disrupting learning and exacerbating pre-existing inequalities. This chapter examines the resilience of France's centralised education system, which enabled a swift and coordinated response to the crisis, including the implementation of emergency measures such as the ma classe à la maison digital learning platform, the vacances apprenantes programme, and the stages de réussite tutoring initiative. Unlike many other countries, France minimised school closures, prioritising educational continuity while addressing disparities in access to remote learning tools. Post-pandemic, the focus shifted to long-term recovery, with reforms targeting learning losses, digitalisation, and equity. These included expanding digital infrastructure, enhancing teacher training, and implementing innovative teaching practices. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this chapter explores the extent of learning losses in mathematics, reading, and science, as well as disparities between socioeconomic groups in France. It evaluates the policy interventions implemented during and after the pandemic and discusses their capacity to address these challenges. The findings provide insights into the key lessons learnt from the French response and offer strategies to improve the resilience and equity of the education system in future crises

Where are Europe’s oldest people living? What geography tells us about a fragmenting continent

On peut encore gagner des années d’espérance de vie en Europe : les régions pionnières en matière de longévité en apportent la preuve, année après année. Pourtant, depuis le milieu des années 2000, tandis que certaines régions avancent, d’autres décrochent. Dans ces dernières, l’allongement de l’espérance de vie est freiné par une mortalité autour de 65 ans qui ne recule plus, voire réaugmente

Fathers have embraced longer and more flexible paternity leave

La réforme du congé de paternité en 2021 a allongé sa durée et assoupli ses modalités. La part de pères prenant ce congé continue à augmenter, notamment chez ceux qui y avaient le moins recours comme les indépendants, les salariés en contrat à durée déterminée, les pères moins diplômés. La présence des pères au moment de la naissance se généralise et dure plus longtemps. Cependant, les contraintes professionnelles et financières restent un frein à la prise du congé. Même s’ils restent minoritaires, les pères qui prennent le congé « en solo », alors que la mère a repris le travail, sont de plus en plus nombreux

The impact of congestion pricing policies on primary school students’ performance: individual-level evidence from Milan’s Area C

Congestion pricing policies have been implemented in several cities to reduce traffic congestion and mitigate environmental impacts in urban areas. However, the externalities of such policies may extend beyond traffic reduction, potentially generating indirect effects on health and, consequently, on children’s educational outcomes. This study examines the impact of the congestion policy Area C introduced in Milan in 2012 on the academic performance of primary school pupils. Using a differencein- differences design and individual-level data from academic years 2009/2010 to 2018/2019, we analyze students’ outcomes across grades and subjects based on standardized tests from INVALSI. Our findings show statistically significant positive effects for second-grade students in both Mathematics and Italian, while no significant effects emerge for fifth-grade students. Moreover, the effects are heterogeneous across parental occupational backgrounds, with the largest gains observed among children from lower occupational backgrounds. Our results show that environmental regulation can generate meaningful equity-enhancing effects, narrowing early academic inequalities that mirror the socioeconomic structure of the city