Eficiência de síntese microbiana, pH e concentrações ruminais de amônia em novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de concentrado

Conduziu-se um ensaio com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis de concentrado nas rações sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, a concentração de amônia e o pH do fluido ruminal e a taxa de passagem da digesta ruminal. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore fistulados no rúmen, abomaso e íleo, alimentados à vontade com dietas que continham 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrados e distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5. As concentrações de amônia e o pH ruminal foram determinados em amostras de fluido ruminal coletadas imediatamente antes do fornecimento das rações e às 2, 4, 6, e 8 horas após. A taxa de passagem foi determinada pelo modelo unicompartimental utilizando-se o óxido crômico como indicador. A eficiência de síntese microbiana, expressa de diferentes formas, não foi influenciada pelo uso de concentrado, obtendo-se valores médios de 35,17 g Nmic/kg MODR, 33,01 g Nmic/kg CHODR e 355,66 g MSmic/kg CHODR. As concentrações máximas de amônia, para todos os tratamentos, ocorreram 2,92 horas após o fornecimento da ração. O pH do fluido ruminal decresceu linearmente com os níveis de concentrado e os tempos de coleta. As taxas de passagem de 0,065; 0,081; 0,064; 0,049; e 0,046.h-1 foram verificadas para os tratamentos com 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrado, respectivamente. A adição de concentrado nas rações reduziu o pH e não alterou a eficiência microbiana.A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of five concentrate levels in the diet on the efficiency of microbial synthesis, balance of nitrogen compounds, ammonia concentrate and pH ruminal fluid. Five rumen, abomasum and ileum fistulated F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls were full fed diets containing 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0% of concentrate and allotted to a 5 x 5 latin square design. The ammonia concentrations and ruminal pH were determined in ruminal fluid samples collected right after the diets supply and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after. The unicompartimental model using chromic oxide as marker determined the passage rate. The efficiency of microbial synthesis, expressed by different forms, was not influenced by the use of concentrate, obtaining average values of 35.17 g Nmic/kg MODR, 33.01 g Nmic/kg CHODR, and 355.66 g MSmic/kg CHODR. The maximum ammonia concentrations, for all treatments, were 2.92 hours after the diet supply. The ruminal pH fluid linearly decreased with the concentrate levels and the collection times. The passage rates of .065, .081, .064, .049, and .046.h-1 were verified for the treatments with 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0% of concentrate, respectively. The addition of concentrate in the diets reduced the pH and did not alter the microbial efficiency

Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil

"Parabenizo a todos os botânicos que contribuíram para completar o presente catálogo. O Brasil é o país que provavelmente possui a maior flora do mundo, portanto, a produção de uma lista completa dessa flora é uma extensa tarefa. Os coordenadores mobilizaram uma grande equipe de pessoas para compilar a lista, e é ótimo ver que este projeto, diferentemente do que se observa em outros países, foi coordenado no Brasil. Isto demonstra o alto nível e a capacidade da comunidade botânica brasileira que se desenvolveu rapidamente nas últimas décadas. Este catálogo, por ter sido preparado na sua maioria por especialistas dos grupos estudados, mostra quais espécies são correntemente aceitas pelos botânicos envolvidos. As espécies foram padronizadas por meio da citação de materiais-voucher, a maioria dos quais foi coletada por brasileiros e está alojada em herbários do Brasil. A informação a respeito da distribuição geográfica de cada espécie será extremamente útil para fins de conservação, e é interessante notar o número expressivo de espécies endêmicas do Brasil. Este catálogo certamente será utilizado por estudantes de diversas áreas envolvendo botânica, ecologia e outras, e tenho certeza de que a sua existência estimulará futuras pesquisas a respeito de plantas brasileiras e que a sua versão online o manterá atualizado. O desafio agora é conservar os muitos ecossistemas diferentes nos quais estas espécies ocorrem, para manter a diversidade botânica do país.

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia