IPO-V2: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, comparative clinical investigation of the effects of sulodexide in preventing cardiovascular accidents in the first year after acute myocardial infarction

AbstractObjectives. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan compound with antithrombotic properties, in preventing death and thromboembotic events after acute myocardial infarction.Background. Antithrombotic therapy has been found to play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular events and death after acute myocardial infarction. Glycosaminoglycan-containing compounds, including sulodexide, show profibrinolytic and antithrombotic properties that render them suitable for use in patients after infarction.Methods. A total of 3,986 patients who had recovered from acute myocardial infarction were randomized to receive either the standard therapy routinely administered at each study center, excluding antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (control group, 1,970 patients), or the standard therapy plus sulodexide (treated group, 2,016 patients). Between 7 and 10 days after the episode of acute myocardial infarction, sulodexide was administered as a single daily 600-lipoprotein-lipase-releasing unit (LRU) intramuscular injection for the 1st month, followed by oral capsules of 500 LRU twice daily. Patients were evaluated for ≥12 months.Results. At the end of the study, 140 (7.1%) were recorded in the control group and 97 (4.8%) in the sulodexide group (32% risk reduction, p = 0.0022, chi-square test). A total of 90 patients (4.6%) in the control group had a further infarction, compared with 66 (33%) in the sulodexide group (28% risk reduction, p = 0.035). Furthermore, a reduction in left ventricular thrombus formation (evaluated by echocardiography) was observed in the sulodeside group (n = 12; 0.6%), compared with values in the control group (n = 25; 1.3%) (53% risk reduction, p = 0.027). Sulodexide was well tolerated and devoid of significant adverse events. All significant results were confirmed by “actual treatment” analyses.Conclusions. The study provides evidence that long-term therapy with sulodexide started early after an episode of acute myocardial infarction is associated with reductions in total mortality, rate of reinfarction and mural thrombus formation

The Rejuvenation of Inventors through Corporate Spin-Outs

This article focuses on corporate spin-outs as a strategy that can rejuvenate the inventive efforts of inventors with a long tenure in the same company. We rely on an unbalanced panel of 5,604 inventor-year observations to study a matched sample of 431 inventors employed by Xerox Corporation and find evidence in support of three predictions. First, inventors that join a spin-out increase the extent of exploration in their inventive activities. Second, they decrease the extent to which they rely on the parent organization’s knowledge. Third, because long-tenured employees, through socialization, tend to progressively adopt more exploitative behavior than short-tenured members, they benefit relatively more from the spin-out experience. These results are robust to several econometric specifications that try to account for the endogeneity of inventors’ decision to join the spin-out, for the fact that spin-outs’ inventive activity may be intrinsically different from that of the parent company, and for the possible presence of novel external stimuli for those who join spin-outs. The data provide large-sample evidence consistent with the idea that socialization reduces opportunities for organizational learning; we discuss the implications for theory and practice

The Rejuvenation of Inventors Through Corporate Spinouts

International audienc

IPO-V2: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, comparative clinical investigation of the effects of sulodexide in preventing cardiovascular accidents in the first year after acute myocardial infarction

Objectives. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of sulodexide, a glycosaminoglycan compound with antithrombotic properties, in preventing death and thromboembotic events after acute myocardial infarction. Background. Antithrombotic therapy has been found to play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular events and death after acute myocardial infarction. Glycosaminoglycan-containing compounds, including sulodexide, show profibrinolytic and antithrombotic properties that render them suitable for use in patients after infarction. Methods. A total of 3,986 patients who had recovered from acute myocardial infarction were randomized to receive either the standard therapy routinely administered at each study center, excluding antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (control group, 1,970 patients), or the standard therapy plus sulodexide (treated group, 2,016 patients). Between 7 and 10 days after the episode of acute myocardial infarction, sulodexide was administered as a single daily 600-lipoprotein-lipase-releasing unit (LRU) intramuscular injection for the 1st month, followed by oral capsules of 500 LRU twice daily. Patients were evaluated for ≥12 months. Results. At the end of the study, 140 (7.1%) were recorded in the control group and 97 (4.8%) in the sulodexide group (32% risk reduction, p = 0.0022, chi-square test). A total of 90 patients (4.6%) in the control group had a further infarction, compared with 66 (33%) in the sulodexide group (28% risk reduction, p = 0.035). Furthermore, a reduction in left ventricular thrombus formation (evaluated by echocardiography) was observed in the sulodeside group (n = 12; 0.6%), compared with values in the control group (n = 25; 1.3%) (53% risk reduction, p = 0.027). Sulodexide was well tolerated and devoid of significant adverse events. All significant results were confirmed by "actual treatment" analyses. Conclusions. The study provides evidence that long-term therapy with sulodexide started early after an episode of acute myocardial infarction is associated with reductions in total mortality, rate of reinfarction and mural thrombus formation. © 1994