In vitro comparison of four different electronic apex locators to determine the major foramen using the clearing technique

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of four electronic apex locators (EALs) (DentaPort ZX, Raypex 5, Endo Master and VDW Gold) in detecting the major foramen using the clearing technique.Materials and Methods: Forty‑eight extracted single‑rooted extracted teeth with mature apices were used for the study and divided into four groups of 12 teeth each. All teeth were embedded in an alginate model. Electronic measurements were taken using a size 15 K‑file attached to the holder. Then, the teeth were cleared and photographed under a stereomicroscope with a digital camera. The distance between the tip of the file and the major foramen was measured by using an image analysis software program. Positive and negative values were recorded when the file tip was beyond or short of the major foramen and zero value when the file tip and the major foramen coincided. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Chi‑square tests at a significance level of 0.05.Results: Mean distance from the file tip to the major foramen were 0.302 ± 0.202, 0.065 ± 0.293, 0.117 ± 0.475, and 0.258 ± 0.160 mm in the DentaPort ZX, Raype 5, Endo Master, and VDW Gold groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among the devices (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Under the experimental conditions, all EALs showed an acceptable determination of the major foramen.Keywords: Clearing technique, electronic apex locator, major forame

Vibrio vulnificus infection in horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) and its characteristic symptoms: An experimental study

In the present study, the mortality and characteristic symptoms (bilateral exophthalmia and skin lesions) associated with Vibrio vulnificus infection in horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) are presented from an experimental infection trial

Designing By Golden Ratio: ? Code in Nature, Architecture and Structural Design

DergiPark: 246020trakyafbdİnsanın parçası olduğu doğayı ve bir üst ölçekte evreni anlama isteği ve merakı, bu anlamanın bir ara yüzü olarak bir yanda matematik, fizik, kimya gibi temel bilimlerin ve bilgilerin ve sonrasında da pek çok farklı disiplinin ortaya çıkmasını sağlarken, diğer yanda sanat ve felsefede de önemli tartışmaları gündeme getirerek, anlama eyleminin de yeni araç ve ara yüzleri için farklı düzlemleri oluşturmaktadır. Tüm bu süreçte farklı bilgilerin ve olguların sembolik ama herkes tarafından anlaşılabilen bir anlatım biçimi olan matematik farklı bilgi alanlarının birbiri ile “konuşmasını” değil, anlama eyleminin model ve araçlarını da sağlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, insanoğlunun doğadaki büyüme modelini ve doğal yapılaşmalardaki tasarım estetiğini anlamakta kullandığı, esinlendiği/ öğrendiği/ uyguladığı parametrelerden en eskisi olan altın oran özellikle sanat ve mimarlıkta matematiğin rolünü gösteren ve izini tarih boyunca pek çok yapıtta görebileceğimiz bir benzeşim ölçütü olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucu, Fi dizininin doğadaki formların gelişiminin (morphogenesis) açıklanması kadar; mimarlık tarihine baktığımızda, mimarlıktaki estetik ve yapısal formların da gelişmesinin açıklanabilmesine yardımcı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, “altın oranın, ? (Fi)”, doğada ve mimarlıkta nasıl sistematik olarak kodlandığını (? dizini) örneklendirmektedir. Ayrıca bu oranın kabuk gibi bazı yapıların strüktür sisteminde de karşımıza çıkması, ? dizininin yapı davranışının eniyilenmesi konusunda da bir araç olabileceği tartışmasını gündeme getirmektedir.Mathematical construction and form/structures of nature in universe have been studied and been discussed by philosophers, mathematicians, scientists and artists throughout the centuries. This cosmic query has led important developments in mathematics and physics as in many other disciplines and through this learning process inter discipliner knowledge has been growing exponentially by those feed backs. Golden ratio is one of the oldest and probably the persistent parameters used by human being to understand/ inspire/ learn and implement the growth model of nature and design aesthetic of natural structures. It is seen that, phi code facilitates to explain not only developments of forms in nature (morphogenesis), but also to explain aesthetic and structural forms of work of art and architecture. This study exemplifies how the golden ratio, ? (phi) is coded (? code) in nature, art and architecture. Furthermore, this paper introduces a discussion platform that phi code could be a tool to optimize the structural behavior as it is seen in some structural systems like shells

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Using regulatory variants to detect gene-gene interactions identifies networks of genes linked to cell immortalization

The extent to which the impact of regulatory genetic variants may depend on other factors, such as the expression levels of upstream transcription factors, remains poorly understood. Here we report a framework in which regulatory variants are first aggregated into sets, and using these as estimates of the total cis-genetic effects on a gene we model their non-additive interactions with the expression of other genes in the genome. Using 1220 lymphoblastoid cell lines across platforms and independent datasets we identify 74 genes where the impact of their regulatory variant-set is linked to the expression levels of networks of distal genes. We show that these networks are predominantly associated with tumourigenesis pathways, through which immortalised cells are able to rapidly proliferate. We consequently present an approach to define gene interaction networks underlying important cellular pathways such as cell immortalisation

An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 2: impacts on organisms and ecosystems

New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the previous WIA in 2015. The high toxicity of these systemic insecticides to invertebrates has been confirmed and expanded to include more species and compounds. Most of the recent research has focused on bees and the sublethal and ecological impacts these insecticides have on pollinators. Toxic effects on other invertebrate taxa also covered predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and aquatic arthropods. Little, while not much new information has been gathered on soil organisms. The impact on marine coastal ecosystems is still largely uncharted. The chronic lethality of neonicotinoids to insects and crustaceans, and the strengthened evidence that these chemicals also impair the immune system and reproduction, highlights the dangers of this particular insecticidal classneonicotinoids and fipronil. , withContinued large scale – mostly prophylactic – use of these persistent organochlorine pesticides has the potential to greatly decreasecompletely eliminate populations of arthropods in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Sublethal effects on fish, reptiles, frogs, birds and mammals are also reported, showing a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity of these insecticides in vertebrates, and their deleterious impacts on growth, reproduction and neurobehaviour of most of the species tested. This review concludes with a summary of impacts on the ecosystem services and functioning, particularly on pollination, soil biota and aquatic invertebrate communities, thus reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. 2015)

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at root s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector (vol 75, 299, 2015)

Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb−1 of √s=8 TeV data collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Events are required to have at least one jet with pT>120 GeV and no leptons. Nine signal regions are considered with increasing missing transverse momentum requirements between EmissT>150 GeV and EmissT>700 GeV. Good agreement is observed between the number of events in data and Standard Model expectations. The results are translated into exclusion limits on models with either large extra spatial dimensions, pair production of weakly interacting dark matter candidates, or production of very light gravitinos in a gauge-mediated supersymmetric model. In addition, limits on the production of an invisibly decaying Higgs-like boson leading to similar topologies in the final state are presented